Foru

Natively known as: Fo̞ɾ̠u /ˈfo̞ɾ̠u/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
si vi ɣo̞ki tuto̞ vi tune̞ si mimu vi pudu kiz̠i ki θɐʎu

Pronunciation: /si vi ˈɣo̞ki ˈtuto̞ vi ˈtune̞ si ˈmimu vi ˈpudu ˈkiz̠i ki ˈθɐʎu/
Fo̞ɾ̠uian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

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Phonology

Syllable structure: Variable
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, x, z, ð, ɣ, ɾ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, c̠, d, d͡z, f, g, k, l, m, n, n̠, n̪, p, r̠, s̠, t, t͡s, v, x, z̠, ç˗, ð, ŋ, ɟ˗, ɣ, ɱ, ɲ̟, ɹ̠, ɾ̠, ʎ, ʝ˗, θ
Word final consonants: N/A

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• l → h / _k
• S → S[-voice] / _#
• u → e / {θ,ɣ}_
• θ → s / _k
• v → Ø / {t,d}_

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Morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -pɐ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -be̞
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -tu
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -mu
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɾ̠ɐ
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -ç˗o̞
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -mi
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -mi
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -du
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -ve̞
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -gi
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ʎi
Diminutive = Suffix -n̠o̞
Augmentative = Suffix -ðu

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Syntax

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Definite

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Suffix -tu gimɐɣitu /ˌgimɐˈɣitu/ the man	Suffix -ɹ̠e̞ gimɐɣiɹ̠e̞ /ˌgimɐˈɣiɹ̠e̞/ the men
Feminine	Suffix -ke̞ ne̞ɣɐtike̞ /ˌne̞ɣɐˈtike̞/ the woman	Suffix -r̠ɐ ne̞ɣɐtir̠ɐ /ˌne̞ɣɐˈtir̠ɐ/ the women
Neuter	Suffix -fu ze̞nufu /ze̞ˈnufu/ the dog	Suffix -xe̞ ze̞nuxe̞ /ze̞ˈnuxe̞/ the dogs

Indefinite

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Suffix -θu gimɐɣiθu /ˌgimɐˈɣiθu/ a man	Suffix -r̠e̞ gimɐɣir̠e̞ /ˌgimɐˈɣir̠e̞/ some men
Feminine	Suffix -z̠o̞ ne̞ɣɐtiz̠o̞ /ˌne̞ɣɐˈtiz̠o̞/ a woman	Suffix -d͡zu ne̞ɣɐtid͡zu /ˌne̞ɣɐˈtid͡zu/ some women
Neuter	Suffix -ðu ze̞nuðu /ze̞ˈnuðu/ a dog	Suffix -ɲ̟e̞ ze̞nuɲ̟e̞ /ze̞ˈnuɲ̟e̞/ some dogs

Articles

Fo̞ɾ̠uian encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	di /di/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ne̞ /ne̞/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	vi /vi/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	fo̞ /fo̞/ she, her, hers
1st plural	si /si/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ɣo̞ /ɣo̞/ you (all), yours
3rd plural masc	ɾɐ /ɾɐ/ they, them, theirs
3rd plural fem	sɐ /sɐ/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	di /di/ my
2nd singular	ne̞ /ne̞/ your
3rd singular masc	vi /vi/ his
3rd singular fem	fo̞ /fo̞/ her
1st plural	si /si/ our
2nd plural	ne̞ /ne̞/ your
3rd plural masc	ɾɐ /ɾɐ/ their
3rd plural fem	ɾɐ /ɾɐ/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st singular	Suffix -xe̞ miz̠ixe̞ /miˈz̠ixe̞/ (I) study	Suffix -n̠u miz̠in̠u /miˈz̠in̠u/ (I) studied	Suffix -lɐ miz̠ilɐ /miˈz̠ilɐ/ (I) studied (long ago)
2nd singular	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (you) study	Suffix -le̞ miz̠ile̞ /miˈz̠ile̞/ (you) studied	Suffix -n̠o̞ miz̠in̠o̞ /miˈz̠in̠o̞/ (you) studied (long ago)
3rd singular masc	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (he) studies	Suffix -d͡zi miz̠id͡zi /miˈz̠id͡zi/ (he) studied	Suffix -du miz̠idu /miˈz̠idu/ (he) studied (long ago)
3rd singular fem	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (she) studies	Suffix -mi miz̠imi /miˈz̠imi/ (she) studied	Suffix -ni miz̠ini /miˈz̠ini/ (she) studied (long ago)
1st plural	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (we) study	Suffix -gi miz̠igi /miˈz̠igi/ (we) studied	Suffix -d͡zu miz̠id͡zu /miˈz̠id͡zu/ (we) studied (long ago)
2nd plural	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (you all) study	Suffix -ɟ˗i miz̠iɟ˗i /miˈz̠iɟ˗i/ (you all) studied	Suffix -ç˗o̞ miz̠iç˗o̞ /miˈz̠iç˗o̞/ (you all) studied (long ago)
3rd plural masc	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (they) study	Suffix -ɹ̠ɐ miz̠iɹ̠ɐ /miˈz̠iɹ̠ɐ/ (they) studied	Suffix -mu miz̠imu /miˈz̠imu/ (they) studied (long ago)
3rd plural fem	No affix miz̠i /ˈmiz̠i/ (they) study	Suffix -z̠o̞ miz̠iz̠o̞ /miˈz̠iz̠o̞/ (they) studied	Suffix -ko̞ miz̠iko̞ /miˈz̠iko̞/ (they) studied (long ago)

Fo̞ɾ̠uian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

ðe̞ /ðe̞/ will

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). Fo̞ɾ̠uian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

me̞ /me̞/ imperfect particle

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Fo̞ɾ̠uian uses the word for ‘already’ fo̞θi for the perfect aspect.

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Numbers

Fo̞ɾ̠uian has a base-20 number system:
1 - bu 2 - mu 3 - lɐ 4 - gis̠ɐpu 5 - giɣɐɲ̟i 6 - ðo̞ 7 - xu 8 - du 9 - dun̪ɐn̪ɐ 10 - bo̞u 11 - po̞ne̞mi 12 - giʝ˗ɐt͡se̞ 13 - dugɐxi 14 - gic̠o̞ 15 - θɐs̠e̞ 16 - ze̞ŋɐz̠i 17 - mir̠o̞ 18 - ðe̞vu 19 - ze̞be̞ 20 - puxu 21 - puxu si bu “twenty and one” 400 - bu me̞θi “one fourhundred” 401 - bu me̞θi si bu “one fourhundred and one” 800 - mu me̞θi “two fourhundred” 8000 - bu ke̞ne̞ “one eightthousand”

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Phonetics

Consonant inventory: /b c̠ d d͡z f g k l m n n̠ n̪ p r̠ s s̠ t t͡s v x z z̠ ç˗ ð ŋ ɟ˗ ɣ ɱ ɲ̟ ɹ̠ ɾ ɾ̠ ʎ ʝ˗ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	ɱ		n n̪ n̠	ɲ̟	ŋ
Stop	p b			t d	c̠ ɟ˗	k g
Affricate				t͡s d͡z
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s s̠ z z̠	ç˗ ʝ˗	x ɣ
Approximant				ɹ̠
Tap				ɾ ɾ̠
Trill				r̠
Lateral approximant				l	ʎ

Vowel inventory: /e̞ i o̞ u ɐ/

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
High-mid	e̞		o̞
Near-low		ɐ

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Dictionary

4345 Words.