Elvish

Natively known as: Kɾˠɑː /kɾˠɑː/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
t̪ˠɾˠeː dʲʊ bˠuə ʃuːn̪ˠiː kɪtʲuə ɟʊvˠa t̪ˠɾˠeː fʲiakuə fʲəu bˠuə bʲianʲʃɛ pˠiːɾˠuə ʃcuː

Pronunciation: /t̪ˠɾˠeː dʲʊ bˠuə ʃuːˈn̪ˠiː kɪˈtʲuə ɟʊˈvˠa t̪ˠɾˠeː fʲiaˈkuə fʲəu bˠuə bʲianʲˈʃɛ pˠiːˈɾˠuə ʃcuː/
Kɾˠɑːian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

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Phonology

Syllable structure: Variable
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: bʲ, bʲɾʲ, bˠ, bˠɾˠ, c, cɾʲ, dʲ, dʲɾʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fʲɾʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, gɾˠ, h, k, kɫ, kɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, n̪ˠ, pʲ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, sˠɾˠ, tʲ, tʲɾʲ, t̪ˠ, t̪ˠɾˠ, vʲ, x, xɫ, ç, ɟ, ɫ, ɾˠ, ʃ, ʃc, ʃcɾʲ
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: N/A

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• ŋ → w / C_
• h → Ø / V_V
• h → Ø / V_C
• k → w / V_

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Morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix sˠeː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix pˠiː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ɾˠiː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ga-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɫiː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix fʲɾʲuː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix cɾʲuə-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix fʲəi-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix mʲiə-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix xa-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix cɪ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix lʲɪ-
Diminutive = Prefix tʲəu-
Augmentative = Prefix mˠuː-

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Syntax

Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. However, the ergative affix is only applied if there is an absolutive in the sentence.
• Absolutive is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Ergative	Prefix fʲəu- fʲəuhuːsˠuː /fʲəuˈhuːsˠuː/ dog (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	No affix huːsˠuː /huːˈsˠuː/ dog (doing the verb not to something)

Singular	No affix huːsˠuː /huːˈsˠuː/ dog
Plural	Prefix ʃiː- ʃiːhuːsˠuː /ʃiːˈhuːsˠuː/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ca /ca/ the	t̪ˠɾˠeː /t̪ˠɾˠeː/ a
Plural	tʲəu /tʲəu/ the	fʲɾʲuː /fʲɾʲuː/ some

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive
1st singular	d̪ˠɑː /d̪ˠɑː/ I	cɪ /cɪ/ me, I
2nd singular	çia /çia/ you	bʲia /bʲia/ you
3rd singular masc	dʲʊ /dʲʊ/ he	xɫəu /xɫəu/ him, he
3rd singular fem	ka /ka/ she	xɫiə /xɫiə/ her, she
1st plural	kɑː /kɑː/ we	pˠiː /pˠiː/ us, we
2nd plural	ʃiː /ʃiː/ you (all)	sˠeː /sˠeː/ you (all)
3rd plural	bʲəi /bʲəi/ they	bˠɛ /bˠɛ/ them, they

Possessive determiners

1st singular	d̪ˠɪ /d̪ˠɪ/ my
2nd singular	kɾˠɑː /kɾˠɑː/ your
3rd singular masc	bˠuə /bˠuə/ his
3rd singular fem	cɾʲuə /cɾʲuə/ her
1st plural	t̪ˠoː /t̪ˠoː/ our
2nd plural	ga /ga/ your
3rd plural	fˠia /fˠia/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix bˠʊmˠpˠɪ /bˠʊmˠˈpˠɪ/ study
Past	Prefix gɾˠɪ- gɾˠɪbˠʊmˠpˠɪ /gɾˠɪˈbˠʊmˠpˠɪ/ studied

Kɾˠɑːian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

bˠɾˠɛ /bˠɾˠɛ/ will

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). Kɾˠɑːian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix pˠiː- pˠiːbˠʊmˠpˠɪ /pˠiːˈbˠʊmˠpˠɪ/ is studying

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Kɾˠɑːian uses the word for ‘finish’ dʲʊlʲa for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Kɾˠɑːian has a base-10 number system:
1 - kɪ 2 - ca 3 - vʲeː 4 - sˠkɑː 5 - kɑː 6 - huː 7 - cɾʲɛ 8 - cɪ 9 - bʲɾʲuːŋɛ 10 - mˠɔ 11 - mˠɔkɪ “ten-one” 100 - kɪ lʲɪnʲɪ “one hundred” 101 - kɪ lʲɪnʲɪ t̪ˠɾˠeː kɪ “one hundred and one” 200 - ca lʲɪnʲɪ 1000 - kɪ bˠʊbˠɪ “one thousand”

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Phonetics

Consonant inventory: /bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ g h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x ç ŋ ɟ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mˠ mʲ		n̪ˠ nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˠ pʲ bˠ bʲ		t̪ˠ tʲ d̪ˠ dʲ		c ɟ	k g
Fricative		fˠ fʲ vʲ vˠ	sˠ	ʃ	ç	x	h
Tap			ɾˠ ɾʲ
Lateral approximant			lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a eː ia iə iː oː uə uː ɑː ɔ əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: ia, iə, uə, əi, əu ?

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	eː	oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

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Dictionary

4357 Words.