Dwarvish
Natively known as: Sʉːŋˈkuːnjɑːn /sʉːŋˈkuːnjɑːn/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...wiː giː giː sʉːnsleː jœda lœsa wiː tɛteː røːn giː tɛnslʉːŋkoː gɛmɔ boːn
Pronunciation: /wiː giː giː sʉːnˈsleː jœˈda lœˈsa wiː tɛˈteː røːn giː tɛnˈslʉːŋkoː gɛˈmɔ boːn/
Kʉːŋkuːian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Phonology
Syllable structure: Variable
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, z
Mid-word consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, m, mb, mp, n, nd, ndr, nf, nj, nl, nm, nn, nns, nnt, ns, nsl, nt, ntl, ntr, nɧ, p, r, s, t, w, z, ŋg, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋl, ŋn
Word final consonants: n
Phonological changes (in order of application):
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, z
Mid-word consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, m, mb, mp, n, nd, ndr, nf, nj, nl, nm, nn, nns, nnt, ns, nsl, nt, ntl, ntr, nɧ, p, r, s, t, w, z, ŋg, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋl, ŋn
Word final consonants: n
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- g → w / V_
- l → ɭ / V_#
- m → w / #_
- b → m / #_a
- h → q / _E
- d → Ø / _r
- d → n / _V[+nasal]
- p → f / #_
Morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix pa-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix a-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɵ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix miː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix eː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mʊ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ma-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix ma-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pɵ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix jœ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix miː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix løː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛntr- Else: Prefix ɛntreː-
Augmentative = Prefix ʉː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix a-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɵ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix miː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix eː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mʊ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ma-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix ma-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pɵ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix jœ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix miː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix løː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛntr- Else: Prefix ɛntreː-
Augmentative = Prefix ʉː-
Syntax
Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have two cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
| Nominative | No affix gɛgoː /gɛˈgoː/ dog (doing the verb) |
| Accusative | Prefix meː- meːgɛgoː /meːˈgɛgoː/ (verb done to) dog |
| Singular | No affix gɛgoː /gɛˈgoː/ dog |
| Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nɧɛː Else: Suffix -iːnɧɛː gɛgoːnɧɛː /gɛˈgoːnɧɛː/ dogs |
Articles
| Definite | deː /deː/ the |
| Indefinite | joː /joː/ a, some |
Pronouns
| Nominative | Accusative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | lɑː /lɑː/ I | kɛ /kɛ/ me |
| 2nd singular | mɛ /mɛ/ you | jɛː /jɛː/ you |
| 3rd singular masc | giː /giː/ he | beː /beː/ him |
| 3rd singular fem | wiː /wiː/ she | jœ /jœ/ her |
| 1st plural | wuː /wuː/ we | kʉː /kʉː/ us |
| 2nd plural | pʏ /pʏ/ you (all) | mɔ /mɔ/ you (all) |
| 3rd plural | tɛ /tɛ/ they | a /a/ them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | lɑː /lɑː/ my |
| 2nd singular | mɛ /mɛ/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | giː /giː/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | wiː /wiː/ her |
| 1st plural | wuː /wuː/ our |
| 2nd plural | mɛ /mɛ/ your |
| 3rd plural | tɛ /tɛ/ their |
Verbs
| Present | No affix diːnɔ /diːˈnɔ/ study |
| Past | Suffix -ʏn diːnɔʏn /diːˈnɔʏn/ studied |
| Remote past | Prefix ʏ- ʏdiːnɔ /ʏˈdiːnɔ/ studied (long ago) |
| Future | Suffix -ɛ diːnɔɛ /diːˈnɔɛ/ will study |
Numbers
Kʉːŋkuːian has a base-20 number system: 1 - rœ 2 - joː 3 - lɑː 4 - ha 5 - mɛː 6 - rɛː 7 - gɛ 8 - ta 9 - jeː 10 - ma 11 - ɛntryː 12 - kɛdʊ 13 - gɛŋgʏndɵn 14 - bɪnnsœn 15 - juːsʉːgʊ 16 - rɪnɛː 17 - kɛdyː 18 - jɪŋnɔ 19 - mœja 20 - diːjoːn 21 - diːjoːnrœ “twenty-one” 400 - kɛnfoː “fourhundred” 401 - kɛnfoː wiː rœ “fourhundred and one” 800 - joː kɛnfoː “two fourhundred” 8000 - dɪma “eightthousand”Phonetics
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t w z ŋ ɧ/
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a eː iː oː uː yː øː œ ɑː ɔ ɛ ɛː ɪ ɵ ʉː ʊ ʏ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | |||
| Fricative | f | s z | h | |||
| Approximant | j | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labio-velar | Sj-sound |
|---|---|---|
| Fricative | ɧ | |
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | iː yː | ʉː | uː |
| Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
| High-mid | eː øː | ɵ | oː |
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛː œ | ɔ | |
| Low | a | ɑː |
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