Daewohl

Natively known as: De Uhɭ /de Uhɭ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ʦweːt zap roʨup ɾun wapjʌɭ hjɛɭ ʦweːt ɾun beʨʰɯɭ doɭ ɯŋ tʰiin mwin

Pronunciation: /ʦweːt zap ˈroʨup ɾun ˈwapjʌɭ hjɛɭ ʦweːt ɾun ˈbeʨʰɯɭ doɭ ɯŋ ˈtʰiin mwin/
daewohl word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

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Phonology

Syllable structure: Variable
Stress pattern: advanced
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, d, h, hj, j, k, kj, kw, kʰ, m, mj, mw, n, nj, p, pj, pʰ, pʰj, r, s, t, tʰ, tʰj, tʰw, w, z, ɾ, ʦw, ʨ, ʨw, ʨʰ, ʨʰw
Mid-word consonants: d, g, gj, gw, h, hj, j, k, kk, kkj, kpj, kpʰ, ks, kt, kw, kʨ, kʰ, m, md, mg, mh, mj, mm, mn, mnj, mp, mpʰj, ms, mt, mʨ, mʨʰ, n, nd, ng, ngj, nh, nj, nk, nm, nmj, nn, np, ns, nt, ntʰ, nʨ, nʨʰ, p, pj, pk, ps, pt, pʨ, pʨʰ, pʰ, pʰj, s, t, tk, tt, tʨ, tʨʰ, tʰ, w, ŋ, ŋd, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋh, ŋhj, ŋj, ŋk, ŋm, ŋmj, ŋn, ŋp, ŋpʰ, ŋpʰj, ŋs, ŋʨʰ, ɭd, ɭg, ɭgj, ɭgw, ɭk, ɭm, ɭp, ɭpʰ, ɭpʰj, ɭs, ɭt, ɭtʰ, ɭɭ, ɾ, ɾh, ɾj, ɾw, ʨ, ʨʰ
Word final consonants: k, m, n, p, t, ŋ, ɭ

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• k → Ø / _#
• a → Ø / _u
• C → Ø / s_#
• h → Ø / _#
• d → Ø / _j
• j → Ø / E_
• e → i / _(C)i
• r → t / _{i,u}
  

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Morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix o-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw- Else: Prefix kwu-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʨʰɛ Else: Suffix -oːʨʰɛ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -oːk
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -iːm
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾjoː Else: Suffix -uɾjoː
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix iː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -iː
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aːn
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ʌ-
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kpʰaː Else: Suffix -ikpʰaː
Augmentative = Suffix -on

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Syntax

Main word order: Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.

Ergative	Suffix -oː ʨonoː /ˈʨonoː/ dog (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	No affix ʨon /ʨon/ dog (doing the verb not to something)
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -em ʨonem /ˈʨonem/ dogʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -njɯ Else: Suffix -ɯnjɯ ʨonɯnjɯ /ˈʨonɯnjɯ/ to (the/a) dog

Singular	No affix ʨon /ʨon/ dog
Plural	Prefix ɯː- ɯːʨon /ˈɯːʨon/ dogs
Dual	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mma Else: Suffix -ʌmma ʨonʌmma /ˈʨonʌmma/

Articles

Definite	mjan /mjan/ the
Indefinite	waŋ /waŋ/ a, some

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	teːɭ /teːɭ/ I	zaɭ /zaɭ/ me, I	bɮɯːŋ /bɮɯːŋ/ mine	am /am/ to me
2nd singular	mwʌn /mwʌn/ you	nɛp /nɛp/ you	no /no/ yours	haɭ /haɭ/ to you
3rd singular	zap /zap/ he, she, it	bɮak /bɮak/ him, her, it, he, she	ɾun /ɾun/ his, hers, its	kim /kim/ to him, her, it
1st plural	ʌp /ʌp/ we	tʰik /tʰik/ us, we	hak /hak/ ours	boːn /boːn/ to us
2nd plural	za /za/ you (all)	nɛk /nɛk/ you (all)	dɛn /dɛn/ yours	ʦwoːɭ /ʦwoːɭ/ to you (all)
3rd plural	kjuːŋ /kjuːŋ/ they	ka /ka/ them, they	kwo /kwo/ theirs	ʨwɛɭ /ʨwɛɭ/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bɮɯːŋ /bɮɯːŋ/ my
2nd singular	no /no/ your
3rd singular	ɾun /ɾun/ his, her, its
1st plural	hak /hak/ our
2nd plural	no /no/ your
3rd plural	kwo /kwo/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nʨiː Else: Suffix -ɛnʨiː mwiŋɛnʨiː /ˈmwiŋɛnʨiː/	No affix mwiŋ /mwiŋ/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɛːm mwiŋɛːm /ˈmwiŋɛːm/
2nd person	Suffix -oː mwiŋoː /ˈmwiŋoː/	No affix mwiŋ /mwiŋ/	Prefix oː- oːmwiŋ /ˈoːmwiŋ/
3rd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɭpʰa Else: Suffix -ɯːɭpʰa mwiŋɯːɭpʰa /ˈmwiŋɯːɭpʰa/	Suffix -up mwiŋup /ˈmwiŋup/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɭ Else: Suffix -iɭ mwiŋiɭ /ˈmwiŋiɭ/

Daewohl uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

ʨʰaː /ʨʰaː/ will

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).
Daewohl uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

taŋ /taŋ/ imperfect particle

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Daewohl uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix i- imwiŋ /ˈimwiŋ/

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Numbers

Daewohl has a base-20 number system

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
tap	mjan	ʨʰoːp	ʌn	hjo	jiːm	ʨoːn	kot	mʌ	zak
11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
sikto	tʰiɭsa	pʰjeŋpʰjʌk	wamjɯːmmo	zajɯt	ɾumse	unjuŋ	simʌk	ʨʰekʨuːm	kugʌn
21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
kugʌntap	kugʌnmjan	kugʌnʨʰoːp	kugʌnʌn	kugʌnhjo	kugʌnjiːm	kugʌnʨoːn	kugʌnkot	kugʌnmʌ	kugʌnzak
31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40
kugʌnsikto	kugʌntʰiɭsa	kugʌnpʰjeŋpʰjʌk	kugʌnwamjɯːmmo	kugʌnzajɯt	kugʌnɾumse	kugʌnunjuŋ	kugʌnsimʌk	kugʌnʨʰekʨuːm	mjankugʌn
101	102	103	104	105	106	107	108	109	110
hjokugʌntap	hjokugʌnmjan	hjokugʌnʨʰoːp	hjokugʌnʌn	hjokugʌnhjo	hjokugʌnjiːm	hjokugʌnʨoːn	hjokugʌnkot	hjokugʌnmʌ	hjokugʌnzak
211	212	213	214	215	216	217	218	219	220
zakkugʌnsikto	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn	zakkugʌn
251
wamjɯːmmokugʌntap
								399	400
								ʨʰekʨuːmkugʌn ʨʰekʨuːm	kun
401	800	8000	8001	8401	16801
kun ʦweːt tap	mjan kun	tɯːŋ	tɯːŋ ʦweːt tap	tɯːŋ ʦweːt kun ʦweːt tap	mjan tɯːŋ ʦweːt mjan kun ʦweːt tap
"four hundred AND one"	"two four hundreds"	eightthousand	"eightthousand AND one"	"eightthousand and fourhundred and one"	"two eightthousands and two fourhundreds and one"

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Phonetics

Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k kʰ m n p pʰ r s t tʰ w z ŋ ɭ ɮ ɾ ʦ ʨ ʨʰ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n				ŋ
Stop	p pʰ b	t tʰ d				k kʰ g
Affricate		ʦ		ʨ ʨʰ
Fricative		s z					h
Approximant					j
Tap		ɾ
Trill		r
Lateral fricative		ɮ
Lateral approximant			ɭ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labio-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː ɛ ɛː ɯ ɯː ʌ/

	Front	Back
High	i iː	ɯ ɯː u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː	ʌ
Low	a aː

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Dictionary

4360 Words.

Common Female Names

Hahiːt, Haʨam, Zaŋ, ʨʰup, Oniːm, Mupoːm

Common Male Names

Hanmjo, ʨʰieŋ, Donmiːn, Tʰwot, Bɮan, Zaku, ʨʰwe

Common Unisex Names

Kwum, Mupɛŋ, Kʰoŋgun