Yaltharhan

Natively known as: Yaltharhan

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... ku pʼutʼ nene chyoyna e siq̀ ku üp e qʼoynyo diq ag ük Pronunciation: /ku pʼutʼ ˈnene ˈcojna e siɢ ku ɨp e ˈqʼojɲo diq aɡ ɨk/ Yaltharhan word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c cʼ d j k kʼ l m n p pʼ q qʼ r s t tʼ w ɟ ɡ ɢ ɲ ɾ ʃ ʦ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m	n		ɲ
Stop	p pʼ b	t tʼ d		c cʼ ɟ	kʼ k ɡ	qʼ q ɢ
Affricate		ʦ
Fricative		s	ʃ			χ
Approximant				j
Tap		ɾ
Trill		r
Lateral approximant		l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɨ/

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e		o
Low	a

Syllable structure: (C)V(C) Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable Word initial consonants: b, c, cʼ, d, k, kʼ, l, m, n, p, pʼ, q, qʼ, s, t, tʼ, w, ɟ, ɲ, ʦ, χ Mid-word consonants: b, bb, bl, bt, bʃ, c, cl, cs, cʃ, cʼ, d, dl, dn, dr, dɡ, j, jb, jd, jj, jk, jl, jm, jn, js, jt, jɲ, jʃ, k, kd, kj, km, kn, ks, kʃ, kʼ, l, ld, lj, lk, ll, lm, lp, lq, lr, ls, lɟ, lɲ, m, mb, mk, mm, mr, ms, mw, n, nj, nk, nm, nr, ns, nw, nɡ, nʃ, nʦ, p, pm, pp, pt, pw, pɾ, pʼ, q, qʼ, r, rb, rc, rj, rl, rm, rr, rw, rɲ, rʦ, s, sc, sj, sk, sn, sp, st, sɡ, sɲ, sχ, t, tc, td, tl, tn, tr, tɡ, tɲ, tɾ, tʃ, tʦ, tʼ, w, wl, wp, ww, ɟ, ɟb, ɟl, ɟr, ɟʃ, ɡ, ɡk, ɡl, ɡm, ɡn, ɡɡ, ɡɾ, ɢ, ɲ, ɲc, ɲl, ɲt, ɲɟ, ɲɲ, ɾ, ɾj, ɾk, ɾm, ɾp, ɾs, ɾʃ, ʃ, ʃb, ʃk, ʃn, ʃs, ʦ, ʦl, ʦn, ʦr, ʦs, ʦw, χ, χn, χr Word final consonants: c, cʼ, d, k, kʼ, n, p, pʼ, q, qʼ, r, s, tʼ, w, ɟ, ɡ, ɢ, ɾ, ʃ, ʦ, χ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• b → Ø / #_{u,i}

How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʦ	ts
ɨ	ü
j	y
ɡ	g
ʃ	sh
ɟ	j
c	chy
χ	kh
ɲ	ny
ɢ	q̀
ɾ	r̀

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Definite

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -aɡ sirag /ˈsiraɡ/ the man	Suffix -apʼ sirapʼ /ˈsirapʼ/ the men
Feminine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -od mirod /ˈmirod/ the woman	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɢ Else: Suffix -iɢ miriq̀ /ˈmiriɢ/ the women
Neuter	Suffix -i michyshoi /micˈʃoi/ the doɡ	Suffix -os michyshoos /micˈʃoos/ the doɡs

Indefinite

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Suffix -a sira /ˈsira/ a man	If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʼ Else: Suffix -etʼ siretʼ /ˈsiretʼ/ some men
Feminine	Suffix -ic mirichy /ˈmiric/ a woman	Suffix -o miro /ˈmiro/ some women
Neuter	If ends with vowel: Suffix -pʼ Else: Suffix -opʼ michyshopʼ /ˈmicʃopʼ/ a doɡ	Suffix -u michyshou /micˈʃou/ some doɡs

Articles

Lar̀shakhi encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	e /e/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	qʼe /qʼe/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	pʼutʼ /pʼutʼ/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	ka /ka/ she, her, hers
3rd singular neut	tsüs /ʦɨs/ it, its
1st plural	ku /ku/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	kʼu /kʼu/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	tʼüj /tʼɨɟ/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	ü /ɨ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neut	ma /ma/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	i /i/ my
2nd singular	ü /ɨ/ your
3rd singular masc	e /e/ his
3rd singular fem	qʼo /qʼo/ her
3rd singular neut	mi /mi/ its
1st plural	wü /wɨ/ our
2nd plural	tʼü /tʼɨ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	id /id/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	ma /ma/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	techyʼ /tecʼ/ their (neut)

Verbs

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Present	Suffix -i siwwai /siˈwwai/ (I/we) learn	Suffix -u siwwau /siˈwwau/ (you/you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -or siwwar /ˈsiwwar/ (he/she/it/they) learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ Else: Suffix -eʦ siwwats /ˈsiwwaʦ/ (I/we) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -ec siwwachy /ˈsiwwac/ (you/you all) learned	Suffix -aɢ siwwaaq̀ /siˈwwaaɢ/ (he/she/it/they) learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -aɾ siwwar̀ /ˈsiwwaɾ/ (I/we) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	Suffix -atʼ siwwaatʼ /siˈwwaatʼ/ (you/you all) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -uc siwwachy /ˈsiwwac/ (he/she/it/they) learned (lonɡ aɡo)
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ɨd siwwad /ˈsiwwad/	Suffix -ɨɟ siwwaüj /siˈwwaɨɟ/	Suffix -uq siwwauq /siˈwwauq/

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Lar̀shakhi uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Suffix -i siwwai /siˈwwai/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Lar̀shakhi uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -uɾ siwwaur̀ /siˈwwauɾ/ have learned

Numbers

Lar̀shakhi has a base-10 number system:
1 - qʼe 2 - si 3 - pʼus 4 - khe 5 - chyeq̀ 6 - khodri 7 - chyo 8 - pin 9 - jachylotsi 10 - to 11 - to ku qʼe “ten and one” 100 - qʼe üyshi “one hundred” 101 - qʼe üyshi qʼe “one hundred one” 200 - si üyshi 1000 - qʼe pirtse “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʼ Else: Suffix -etʼ Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -uqʼ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -i Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ec Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ad Noun to verb = Suffix -i Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ac Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pʼ Else: Suffix -ɨpʼ Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ Else: Suffix -uʦ Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɨɢ One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aʦ Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pʼ Else: Suffix -ɨpʼ Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -op Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kʼ Else: Suffix -ekʼ

Dictionary

4396 Words.

Spoken by

• Yaltharmians