Palawcho

Natively known as: Palawcho /paˈlɔʧo/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... pa cha riya nupi cha fero pa pawpo cha ibawya lata a kafa Pronunciation: /pa ʧa ˈrija ˈɲupi ʧa ˈfero pa ˈpɔpo ʧa iˈbɔja ˈlata a ˈkafa/ Palawchoian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m p r t w ɲ ʔ ʧ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m				ɲ
Stop	p b		t d			k g	ʔ
Affricate				ʧ
Fricative		f					h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labio-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɔ/

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid		ɔ
Low	a

Syllable structure: (C)V ? Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ? Word initial consonants: b, f, k, l, m, p, r, t, w, ɲ, ʧ Mid-word consonants: b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, p, r, t, w, ɲ, ʔ, ʧ Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application): ?

• h → Ø / #_
• N → m / _#
• ja → aː / C_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
ɔ	aw
ɲ	n
ʔ	ʻ
ʧ	ch

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Singular	No affix chawlere /ʧɔˈlere/ dog
Plural	Prefix ʧɔ- chawchawlere /ˌʧɔʧɔˈlere/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	la /la/ the	wu /wu/ a
Plural	no /ɲo/ the	a /a/ some

Pronouns

1st singular	bu /bu/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	paw /pɔ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	cha /ʧa/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	a /a/ she, her, hers
1st plural	chaw /ʧɔ/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	fo /fo/ you (all), yours
3rd plural	me /me/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bu /bu/ my
2nd singular	paw /pɔ/ your
3rd singular masc	cha /ʧa/ his
3rd singular fem	a /a/ her
1st plural	chaw /ʧɔ/ our
2nd plural	paw /pɔ/ your
3rd plural	me /me/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix wichi /ˈwiʧi/ study
Past	Prefix lɔ- lawwichi /lɔˈwiʧi/ studied
Remote past	Prefix ɲo- nowichi /ɲoˈwiʧi/ studied (long ago)
Future	Prefix ka- kawichi /kaˈwiʧi/ will study

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). Palawchoian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

a /a/ imperfect particle

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Palawchoian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix bi- biwichi /biˈwiʧi/

Numbers

Palawchoian has a base-20 number system:
1 - mu 2 - paw 3 - be 4 - u 5 - no 6 - bu 7 - fo 8 - kawgu 9 - chera 10 - buya 11 - mepawtaw 12 - kawawcha 13 - kawhe 14 - biwawlaw 15 - pare 16 - rawawye 17 - adawdi 18 - ochu 19 - alawgo 20 - chawtawli 21 - mu pa chawtawli “one and twenty” 400 - mu fawha “one fourhundred” 401 - mu fawha pa mu “one fourhundred and one” 800 - paw fawha “two fourhundred” 8000 - mu wuga “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʧɔ- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ta- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix kɔ- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ta- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ri- Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix bo- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix wu- Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix ɲu- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix fo- Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix pɔ- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix mo- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix to- Diminutive = Prefix tu- Augmentative = Prefix la-

Dictionary

4402 Words.