Jotunite

Natively known as: Jotunite

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... ti kʼe dambo ma tsa tʼepʼ wae ti kʼekhtse tʼou ma tsa motʼitna tsa us Pronunciation: /ti kʼe ˈdambo ma ʦa tʼepʼ waˈe ti ˈkʼexʦe ˈtʼou ma ʦa ˈmotʼitna ʦa us/ Dakhwan word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d g j k kʼ m n p pʼ s t tʼ w x ʦ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Ejective stop	pʼ	tʼ		kʼ
Nasal	m	n
Stop	p b	t d		k g
Affricate		ʦ
Fricative		s		x
Approximant			j

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: (C)V(C) Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: b, d, j, k, kʼ, m, n, p, pʼ, t, tʼ, w, x, ʦ Mid-word consonants: b, bb, bd, bn, bt, bw, d, db, dd, dg, dm, ds, dt, dw, g, gd, gj, gn, gs, gw, j, jb, jj, jk, jn, jt, k, kk, km, ks, kw, kʼ, m, mb, mj, mk, mn, ms, mt, mw, n, nk, nm, np, ns, nt, nx, p, pk, pm, pn, pt, pw, pʼ, s, sj, sn, sp, ss, sw, t, tb, td, tg, tk, tn, ts, tt, tx, tʼ, w, wb, wd, wg, wm, wp, wt, wx, x, xd, xg, xk, xn, xt, xw, xʦ, ʦ, ʦn, ʦs, ʦt, ʦw Word final consonants: b, d, g, k, kʼ, m, n, pʼ, s, t, tʼ, w, ʦ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• s → z / V_V
• k → Ø / V_V
• N → n / _#
• s → h / _i
• s → h / V_V
• o → Ø / _u
• s → h / V_V
• L → d / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
x	kh
ʦ	ts

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door with a key opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have six cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. However, the ergative affix is only applied if there is an absolutive in the sentence.
• Absolutive is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.

Ergative	Suffix -o wimboo /wimˈboo/ dog (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	No affix wimbo /ˈwimbo/ dog (doing the verb, but not to something)
Genitive	Suffix -i wimboi /ˈwimboi/ dogʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -kʼ Else: Suffix -ikʼ wimbokʼ /ˈwimbokʼ/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	Suffix -a wimboa /ˈwimboa/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	Prefix ba- bawimbo /baˈwimbo/ from (the/a) dog

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix bukhgo /buxˈgo/ man	No affix apʼ /apʼ/ woman
Plural	Prefix e- ebukhgo /eˈbuxgo/ men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -on apʼon /aˈpʼon/ women

Articles

Dakhwan has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative
1st singular	a /a/ I	non /non/ me, I	kapʼ /kapʼ/ mine	kʼi /kʼi/ to me	nek /nek/ at me	pʼu /pʼu/ from me
2nd singular	om /om/ you	ka /ka/ you	wat /wat/ yours	pʼopʼ /pʼopʼ/ to you	khe /xe/ at you	tiw /tiw/ from you
3rd singular masc	kʼe /kʼe/ he, it	tsa /ʦa/ him, it	tʼo /tʼo/ his, its	mod /mod/ to him, at it	pʼom /pʼom/ at him, at it	yem /jem/ from him, from it
3rd singular fem	pʼo /pʼo/ she, it	u /u/ her, it	khew /xew/ her, its	ko /ko/ to her, at it	ek /ek/ at her, at it	dug /dug/ from her, from it
1st plural	o /o/ we	ba /ba/ us, we	opʼ /opʼ/ ours	no /no/ to us	pʼok /pʼok/ at us	tʼen /tʼen/ from us
2nd plural	wa /wa/ you (all)	wi /wi/ you (all)	tig /tig/ yours	kod /kod/ to you (all)	wit /wit/ at you (all)	ya /ja/ from you (all)
3rd plural masc	kuk /kuk/ they	pad /pad/ them, they	yed /jed/ theirs	pu /pu/ to them	kʼitʼ /kʼitʼ/ at them	e /e/ from them
3rd plural fem	mu /mu/ they	mo /mo/ them, they	khi /xi/ theirs	pukʼ /pukʼ/ to them	was /was/ at them	em /em/ from them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	a /a/ my
2nd singular	o /o/ your
3rd singular masc	mo /mo/ her, its
3rd singular fem	pats /paʦ/ her, its
1st plural	wan /wan/ our
2nd plural	mow /mow/ your
3rd plural masc	wi /wi/ their
3rd plural fem	kon /kon/ their

Verbs

	Future
Masculine	Prefix a- aabwak /aˈabwak/
Feminine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ad abwakad /aˈbwakad/

Dakhwan uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: wa - wa abwak /wa ˈabwak/ learned

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Dakhwan uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ke- kabwak /ˈkabwak/ learns/is learning

Numbers

Dakhwan has a base-10 number system:
1 - ab 2 - un 3 - buts 4 - mun 5 - a 6 - wid 7 - pa 8 - etkukʼ 9 - titse 10 - mu 11 - ab ti mu “one and ten” 100 - mog “hundred” 101 - mog ti ab “hundred and one” 200 - un mog 1000 - kotkatʼ “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ad Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -aw Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -ug Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -og Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʼ Else: Suffix -otʼ Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -a Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pʼ Else: Suffix -opʼ Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix x- Else: Prefix xi- Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -u One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ad Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -is Diminutive = Prefix ji- Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ Else: Suffix -uʦ

Dictionary

4427 Words.

Spoken by

• Jotun