Natively known as: Dakhwa
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
pen hwà̄p kmepyim mimsa pūt ksu hwà̄p pen ksuw nes hyēhtīk ksu hwà̄p pep moki
Pronunciation: /pen hwəːp kmeˈpjim mimˈsa puːt ksu hwəːp pen ksuw nes ˈhjeːhtiːk ksu hwəːp pep ˈmoki/
Hwūpyōti word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /h j k m n p s t w ŋ ɾ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
n |
|
ŋ |
|
| Stop |
p |
t |
|
k |
|
| Fricative |
|
s |
|
|
h |
| Approximant |
|
|
j |
|
|
| Tap |
|
ɾ |
|
|
|
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labial-velar |
| Approximant |
w |
Vowel inventory: /a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː ə əː/
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
| High |
i iː |
|
u uː |
| High-mid |
e eː |
|
o oː |
| Mid |
|
əː ə |
|
| Low |
a aː |
|
|
Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: h, hj, hw, j, k, kh, km, ks, kw, m, mw, mɾ, n, p, pw, pɾ, sh, sm, w, ŋ, ŋw, ɾ
Mid-word consonants: h, ht, hw, hɾ, j, jj, jt, jɾ, k, kw, kɾ, m, mm, ms, mɾ, n, nh, nn, nw, nɾ, p, pj, pk, pn, ps, pt, pw, pɾ, s, sj, sn, sp, ss, st, sɾ, t, tj, tk, ts, tt, tw, w, wk, wt, wɾ, ŋ, ŋk, ŋm, ŋs, ɾ, ɾj, ɾm, ɾn, ɾs, ɾw
Word final consonants: k, m, n, p, s, t, w, ŋ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- k → x / _{p,t}
- k → Ø / _N
- k → ʂ / _i
- t → ʃ / i_i
- {p,t,k} → [+voice] / N_
- h → Ø / V_C
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| (.)(?=ᴅ*)ː |
$1̄ |
| j |
y |
| ŋ |
ng |
| ə |
à |
| ɾ |
d |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
Definite
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Masculine |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -as
yos /jos/
the man |
Suffix -eː
yoē /joˈeː/
the men |
| Feminine |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ
Else: Suffix -eŋ
kwēneng /kweːˈneŋ/
the woman |
Suffix -ip
kwēnip /ˈkweːnip/
the women |
| Neuter |
Suffix -uːt
yopwenūt /joˈpwenuːt/
the dog |
Suffix -oː
yopwenō /joˈpwenoː/
the dogs |
Indefinite
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Masculine |
Suffix -e
yoe /ˈjoe/
a man |
Suffix -əː
yoà̄ /ˈjoəː/
some men |
| Feminine |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -w
Else: Suffix -aːw
kwēnāw /kweːˈnaːw/
a woman |
Suffix -a
kwēna /kweːˈna/
some women |
| Neuter |
Suffix -iː
yopwenī /jopweˈniː/
a dog |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -et
yopwenet /joˈpwenet/
some dogs |
Articles
Hwūpyōti encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.
Pronouns
| 1st singular |
nà̄n /nəːn/
I, me, mine |
| 2nd singular |
hīng /hiːŋ/
you, yours |
| 3rd singular masc |
hwà̄p /hwəːp/
he, him, his, it, its |
| 3rd singular fem |
ya /ja/
she, her, hers, it, its |
| 3rd singular neut |
pà̄w /pəːw/
it, its |
| 1st plural |
smo /smo/
we, us, ours |
| 2nd plural |
mu /mu/
you (all), yours |
| 3rd plural masc |
hī /hiː/
they, them, theirs |
| 3rd plural fem |
hyàm /hjəm/
they, them, theirs |
| 3rd plural neut |
ki /ki/
they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
ko /ko/
my |
| 2nd singular |
mde /mɾe/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
hyàt /hjət/
her, its |
| 3rd singular fem |
hu /hu/
her, its |
| 3rd singular neut |
pek /pek/
its |
| 1st plural |
pūng /puːŋ/
our |
| 2nd plural |
shong /shoŋ/
your |
| 3rd plural masc |
smis /smis/
their |
| 3rd plural fem |
o /o/
their |
| 3rd plural neut |
hī /hiː/
their |
Verbs
| Future |
Suffix -is
hwà̄is /hwəːˈis/
will learn |
Hwūpyōti uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
| Past |
Particle before the verb: ko -
ko hwà̄ /ko hwəː/
learned |
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speking, such as
I am learning.
Hwūpyōti uses a standalone particle word for progressive:
| Progressive |
Particle before the verb: ksun -
ksun hwà̄ /ksun hwəː/
is learning |
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as
I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (
I learned something).
Hwūpyōti uses an affix for habitual:
| Habitual |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -uːp
hwà̄p /hwəːp/
learns |
Numbers
Hwūpyōti has a base-10 number system:
1 - ngwū
2 - pā
3 - kwēt
4 - mup
5 - yīs
6 - duw
7 - wa
8 - nà̄k
9 - smot
10 - ngwà̄k
11 - ngwū pen ngwà̄k “one and ten”
100 - ngwū dunwak “one hundred”
101 - ngwū dunwak pen ngwū “one hundred and one”
200 - pā dunwak
1000 - ngwū maw “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -iːw
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -aːt
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -im
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -əːw
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -a
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -uːn
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -oːn
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -iːp
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -up
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
Diminutive = Suffix -əs
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ok
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