Junodian (juˌnodiˈan)

Natively known as: junod /ʤuˈnod/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
kech zad ípra gatin zad dzikh kech wowwí zad khyutri díjmet nyi vru
Pronunciation: /keʧ ʒad ɨˈpɾa gaˈtin ʒad dʒix keʧ woˈwwɨ ʒad xjuˈtɾi dɨʤˈmet nji vɾu/
Junodian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k m n p t v w x ɣ ɸ ɾ ʃ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ β

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g	ʔ
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v		ʃ ʒ		x ɣ	h
Approximant					j
Tap			ɾ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u ɨ

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e		o
Low	a

Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʔ	ʻ
ɨ	í
j	y
x	kh
ɸ	ph
ɾ	r
ʃ	sh
ʒ	z
ʤ	j
ʧ	ch
β	v̀
ɣ	g̀

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: pɾit - prit know /pɾit know/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	dzíw /dʒɨw/ the	bed /bed/ a
Plural	ich /iʧ/ the	i /i/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

Pronouns

1st singular	g̀e /ɣe/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	tsha /tʃa/ you, yours
3rd singular	zad /ʒad/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its
1st plural	bru /bɾu/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ta /ta/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	hí /hɨ/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	g̀e /ɣe/ my
2nd singular	tsha /tʃa/ your
3rd singular	zad /ʒad/ his, her, its
1st plural	bru /bɾu/ our
2nd plural	ta /ta/ your (pl)
3rd plural	hí /hɨ/ their

Verbs

Present	Suffix -o chato /ʧaˈto/ learn
Past	No affix chat /ʧat/ learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -aw chataw /ʧaˈtaw/ learned (long ago)
Future	Suffix -a chata /ʧaˈta/ will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Junodian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ud chatud /ʧaˈtud/ have learned

Numbers

Junodian has a base-10 number system:
1 - nyo
2 - yav̀
3 - fyí
4 - ugjim
5 - iz
6 - yadzív̀
7 - chi
8 - ka
9 - te
10 - na
11 - na kech nyo “ten and one”
100 - ud “hundred”
101 - ud kech nyo “hundred and one”
200 - yav̀ ud
1000 - kik “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -ov
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -at
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ak
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ow
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -ɨʃ
Noun to verb = Suffix -ɨ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɣ
Else: Suffix -eɣ
Tending to = Suffix -aβ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -id
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ik
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -ɨʃ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ed
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -ev
Augmentative = Suffix -ɨn

https://itinerarium.github.io/phoneme-synthesis/

Dictionary

3024 Words.

Spoken by

• Khyídta Chtiheg̀