Angelic

Natively known as: kaknäsa /kækˈnɑsæ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
tu mo mïpts posh j̈ï müs tu sämz j̈ï zümt j̈ïmz kïmt mäsks
Pronunciation: /tuː mo mɪpts poʃ ʥɪ mys tuː sɑmz ʥɪ zymt ʥɪmz kɪmt mɑsks/
Kaknäsan word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: k m n p s t v z ɮ ʃ ʣ ʤ ʥ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p		t			k
Affricate			ʣ	ʤ	ʥ
Fricative		v	s z	ʃ
Lateral fricative			ɮ

Vowel inventory: iː o uː y æ ɐ ɑ ɪ

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː y		uː
Near-high	ɪ
High-mid			o
Near-low	æ	ɐ
Low			ɑ

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)(C)(C) ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
iː	i
uː	u
æ	a
ɐ	e
ɑ	ä
ɪ	ï
y	ü
ɮ	zh
ʃ	sh
ʤ	j
ʥ	j̈
ʣ	dz
Vː	VV

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	No affix mïj /mɪʤ/ boy	Prefix o- omïj /ˈomɪʤ/ boys
Feminine	No affix nodz /noʣ/ girl	If starts with vowel: Prefix æʣ- Else: Prefix æʣo- adzonodz /æˈʣonoʣ/ girls
Neuter	No affix kaj̈ /kæʥ/ dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix my- mükaj̈ /ˈmykæʥ/ dogs

Articles

Definite	zha /ɮæ/ the
Indefinite	si /siː/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

Pronouns

1st singular	me /mɐ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	vüzh /vyɮ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	mo /mo/ he, him, his,
3rd singular fem	u /uː/ she, her, hers,
3rd singular neuter	nü /ny/ it (neut), its (neut)
1st plural	zïp /zɪp/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	zhunkt /ɮuːnkt/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	zäz /zɑz/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	münts /mynts/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	ni /niː/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	zu /zuː/ my
2nd singular	zimpt /ziːmpt/ your
3rd singular masc	j̈ï /ʥɪ/ his
3rd singular fem	vim /viːm/ her
3rd singular neuter	a /æ/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural	dza /ʣæ/ our
2nd plural	ziz /ziːz/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	mï /mɪ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	kom /kom/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	j̈ü /ʥy/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	No affix zhomt /ɮomt/ learn
Past	Prefix ɐ- ezhomt /ˈɐɮomt/ learned
Remote past	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ- Else: Prefix ʃɐ- shezhomt /ˈʃɐɮomt/ learn (long ago)
Future	Prefix iː- izhomt /ˈiːɮomt/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Kaknäsan uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: moʤ - moj zhomt /moʤ ɮomt/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Kaknäsan uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: ʃɪ - shï zhomt /ʃɪ ɮomt/ learns

Numbers

Kaknäsan has a base-10 number system:
1 - muzh
2 - dzazh
3 - mä
4 - zha
5 - ponkt
6 - nu
7 - zhi
8 - dzü
9 - komt
10 - ti
100 - zedz
1000 - püv

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix y-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix uːstʃ-
Else: Prefix uːstʃy-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix py-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix uː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix yʣ-
Else: Prefix yʣɑ-
Noun to verb = Prefix æ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix py-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix siː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix v-
Else: Prefix vy-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mɑ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix y-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix mæ-
Diminutive = Prefix ɪ-
Augmentative = Prefix kuː-

Dictionary

216 Words.