Elvish

Natively known as: elvish /ˈelvish/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
raw je tha thrùd mingthœr ì raw thúwme a tha jonmud ra thizě
Pronunciation: /ɹɔ ʤe θɛ θɹɜɾ ˈmiŋθœɹ ɪ ɹɔ ˈθywme ɛ θɛ ˈʤonmuɾ ɹɛ ˈθiʒʏ/
Elvish word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: l m n w ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʋ ʎ ʒ ʤ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative			θ ð		ʒ
Approximant		ʋ		ɹ
Tap				ɾ
Lateral approximant				l		ʎ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: e i o u y ø œ ɔ ɘ ɛ ɜ ɤ ɪ ʊ ʏ

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y		u
Near-high	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	e ø	ɘ	ɤ o
Low-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ	ɔ

Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C) ?
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	a
ɜ	ù
ɤ	ò
ɘ	è
ɔ	aw
ʊ	ǔ
ɪ	ì
y	ú
ʏ	ě
ɹ	r
θ	th
ɾ	d
ʒ	z
ð	dh
ŋ	ng
ʤ	j
ʎ	y
ʋ	v

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix wèr /wɘɹ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Prefix e- ewèr /ˈewɘɹ/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Prefix lɔ- lawwèr /ˈlɔwɘɹ/ dogʼs
Dative	If starts with vowel: Prefix ð- Else: Prefix ðo- dhowèr /ˈðowɘɹ/ to dog

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Prefix mʏ- měthliz /ˈmʏθliʒ/ boy	No affix thliz /θliʒ/ boys
Feminine	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʊnm- Else: Prefix ʊnmu- ǔnmuthroy /ˈʊnmuθɹoʎ/ girl	No affix throy /θɹoʎ/ girls
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix me- mewèr /ˈmewɘɹ/ dog	No affix wèr /wɘɹ/ dogs

Articles

Definite	waw /wɔ/ the
Indefinite	múz /myʒ/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	ay /ɛʎ/ I	thij /θiʤ/ me	meng /meŋ/ mine	dhay /ðɛʎ/ to me
2nd singular	a /ɛ/ you	luj /luʤ/ you	wøy /wøʎ/ yours	ja /ʤɛ/ to you
3rd singular masc	je /ʤe/ he,	jang /ʤɛŋ/ his,	dhaw /ðɔ/ his,	la /lɛ/ to his, to
3rd singular fem	zěj /ʒʏʤ/ she,	mòd /mɤɾ/ her,	è /ɘ/ hers,	mi /mi/ to her, to
3rd singular neuter	nliz /nliʒ/ it (neut)	mu /mu/ it (neut)	me /me/ its (neut)	thla /θlɛ/ to it (neut)
1st plural	jě /ʤʏ/ we	moj /moʤ/ us	maw /mɔ/ ours	thleth /θleθ/ to us
2nd plural	thrì /θɹɪ/ you all	lě /lʏ/ you all	wìth /wɪθ/ yours (pl)	ij /iʤ/ to you all
3rd plural masc	thòz /θɤʒ/ they (masc)	ǔ /ʊ/ them (masc)	lùy /lɜʎ/ theirs (masc)	nlu /nlu/ to them (masc)
3rd plural fem	eng /eŋ/ they (fem)	ì /ɪ/ them (fem)	uy /uʎ/ theirs (fem)	ra /ɹɛ/ to them (fem)
3rd plural neuter	øng /øŋ/ they (neut)	lú /ly/ them (neut)	lèz /lɘʒ/ theirs (neut)	lǔ /lʊ/ to them (neut)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	rø /ɹø/ my
2nd singular	mu /mu/ your
3rd singular masc	tha /θɛ/ his
3rd singular fem	ø /ø/ her
3rd singular neuter	jaw /ʤɔ/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural	mìd /mɪɾ/ our
2nd plural	rú /ɹy/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	zo /ʒo/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	nlě /nlʏ/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	wè /wɘ/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	Prefix e- ewìv /ˈewɪʋ/ learn
Past	No affix wìv /wɪʋ/ learned

Elvish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ðɛ - dha wìv /ðɛ wɪʋ/ will learn

Numbers

Elvish has a base-10 number system:
1 - ò
2 - tha
3 - wǔ
4 - la
5 - lèng
6 - livnòng
7 - ør
8 - vi
9 - thlidhú
10 - mo
100 - jěznùth
1000 - lùd

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix lɪ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʤo-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix nl-
Else: Prefix nle-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ɜ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ðœ-
Noun to verb = Prefix ɔ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ɜ-
Tending to = Prefix le-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix wɤ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix wɜ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ-
Else: Prefix ʤɤ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix θɤ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix œlʋ-
Else: Prefix œlʋø-
Augmentative = Prefix me-

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