Elvish
Natively known as: elvish /ˈelvish/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...raw je tha thrùd mingthœr ì raw thúwme a tha jonmud ra thizě
Pronunciation: /ɹɔ ʤe θɛ θɹɜɾ ˈmiŋθœɹ ɪ ɹɔ ˈθywme ɛ θɛ ˈʤonmuɾ ɹɛ ˈθiʒʏ/
Elvish word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: l m n w ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʋ ʎ ʒ ʤ θ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Affricate | ʤ | ||||||
Fricative | θ ð | ʒ | |||||
Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | |||||
Tap | ɾ | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l | ʎ |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i y | u | |
Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
High-mid | e ø | ɘ | ɤ o |
Low-mid | ɛ œ | ɜ | ɔ |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ? Spelling rules:
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ɛ | a |
ɜ | ù |
ɤ | ò |
ɘ | è |
ɔ | aw |
ʊ | ǔ |
ɪ | ì |
y | ú |
ʏ | ě |
ɹ | r |
θ | th |
ɾ | d |
ʒ | z |
ð | dh |
ŋ | ng |
ʤ | j |
ʎ | y |
ʋ | v |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
Nouns have four cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
Nominative | No affix wèr /wɘɹ/ dog (doing the verb) |
Accusative | Prefix e- ewèr /ˈewɘɹ/ (verb done to) dog |
Genitive | Prefix lɔ- lawwèr /ˈlɔwɘɹ/ dogʼs |
Dative | If starts with vowel: Prefix ð- Else: Prefix ðo- dhowèr /ˈðowɘɹ/ to dog |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | Prefix mʏ- měthliz /ˈmʏθliʒ/ boy | No affix thliz /θliʒ/ boys |
Feminine | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʊnm- Else: Prefix ʊnmu- ǔnmuthroy /ˈʊnmuθɹoʎ/ girl | No affix throy /θɹoʎ/ girls |
Neuter | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix me- mewèr /ˈmewɘɹ/ dog | No affix wèr /wɘɹ/ dogs |
Articles
Definite | waw /wɔ/ the |
Indefinite | múz /myʒ/ a, some |
- Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
- Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
- Used with place names: ‘The London’
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st singular | ay /ɛʎ/ I | thij /θiʤ/ me | meng /meŋ/ mine | dhay /ðɛʎ/ to me |
2nd singular | a /ɛ/ you | luj /luʤ/ you | wøy /wøʎ/ yours | ja /ʤɛ/ to you |
3rd singular masc | je /ʤe/ he, | jang /ʤɛŋ/ his, | dhaw /ðɔ/ his, | la /lɛ/ to his, to |
3rd singular fem | zěj /ʒʏʤ/ she, | mòd /mɤɾ/ her, | è /ɘ/ hers, | mi /mi/ to her, to |
3rd singular neuter | nliz /nliʒ/ it (neut) | mu /mu/ it (neut) | me /me/ its (neut) | thla /θlɛ/ to it (neut) |
1st plural | jě /ʤʏ/ we | moj /moʤ/ us | maw /mɔ/ ours | thleth /θleθ/ to us |
2nd plural | thrì /θɹɪ/ you all | lě /lʏ/ you all | wìth /wɪθ/ yours (pl) | ij /iʤ/ to you all |
3rd plural masc | thòz /θɤʒ/ they (masc) | ǔ /ʊ/ them (masc) | lùy /lɜʎ/ theirs (masc) | nlu /nlu/ to them (masc) |
3rd plural fem | eng /eŋ/ they (fem) | ì /ɪ/ them (fem) | uy /uʎ/ theirs (fem) | ra /ɹɛ/ to them (fem) |
3rd plural neuter | øng /øŋ/ they (neut) | lú /ly/ them (neut) | lèz /lɘʒ/ theirs (neut) | lǔ /lʊ/ to them (neut) |
Possessive determiners
Possessive | |
---|---|
1st singular | rø /ɹø/ my |
2nd singular | mu /mu/ your |
3rd singular masc | tha /θɛ/ his |
3rd singular fem | ø /ø/ her |
3rd singular neuter | jaw /ʤɔ/ his, her, its (neut) |
1st plural | mìd /mɪɾ/ our |
2nd plural | rú /ɹy/ your (pl) |
3rd plural masc | zo /ʒo/ their (masc) |
3rd plural fem | nlě /nlʏ/ their (fem) |
3rd plural neuter | wè /wɘ/ their (neut) |
Verbs
Present | Prefix e- ewìv /ˈewɪʋ/ learn |
Past | No affix wìv /wɪʋ/ learned |
Future | Particle before the verb: ðɛ - dha wìv /ðɛ wɪʋ/ will learn |
Numbers
Elvish has a base-10 number system: 1 - ò2 - tha
3 - wǔ
4 - la
5 - lèng
6 - livnòng
7 - ør
8 - vi
9 - thlidhú
10 - mo
100 - jěznùth
1000 - lùd
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix l-Else: Prefix lɪ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʤo-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix nl-
Else: Prefix nle-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ɜ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ðœ-
Noun to verb = Prefix ɔ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ɜ-
Tending to = Prefix le-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix wɤ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix wɜ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ-
Else: Prefix ʤɤ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix θɤ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix œlʋ-
Else: Prefix œlʋø-
Augmentative = Prefix me-
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