Dwarvish

Natively known as: durakhân /duˈrakhân/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
zhu˧ ṛa˧ fu˩ ṭu˩ so˥˩ he˨ zhu˧ gha˩ so˥˩ ṛe˧ zhuh˥˩ ta˧ qo˩˥
Pronunciation: /ɮɤ˧ ɽɑ˧ βɤ˩ ʈɤ˩ so˥˩ ʜɛ˨ ɮɤ˧ χɑ˩ so˥˩ ɽɛ˧ ɮʌ˥˩ tɑ˧ qo˩˥/
Dwarvish word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d k m n p q s t v w x z ŋ ɖ ɗ ɢ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɴ ɽ ɾ ʀ ʁ ʂ ʈ ʐ ʜ ʟ β χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal
Nasal	m		n		ŋ	ɴ
Stop	b p		d t	ɖ ʈ	k	ɢ q
Implosive			ɗ
Fricative	β	v	s z	ʂ ʐ	x	ʁ χ
Tap			ɾ	ɽ
Trill						ʀ	ʜ
Lateral fricative			ɬ ɮ
Lateral approximant					ʟ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

Vowel inventory: o ɑ ɒ ɔ ɛ ɤ ʊ ʌ
Tones: ˨ ˩ ˥˩ ˩˥ ˧

	Front	Back
Near-high		ʊ
High-mid		ɤ o
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ ʌ
Low		ɑ ɒ

Syllable structure: (C)V ?
Stress pattern: No fixed stress ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	e
ɑ	a
ɒ	ò
ɤ	u
ɔ	aw
ʊ	ù
ʌ	uh
ɾ	r
ɖ	ḍ
ɗ	d’
ʐ	ẓ
ɮ	zh
ŋ	ng
ɽ	ṛ
ʁ	r̀
ʀ	r̈
ɢ	g
ʜ	h
ɫ	l
ʟ	gl
ɴ	ǹg
ʂ	ṣ
ɬ	sh
ʈ	ṭ
β	f
x	kh
χ	gh

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Singular

	Definite	Indefinite
Masculine	No affix de˨ /dɛ˨/ the boy	Prefix vʊ˩- vù˩de˨ /vʊ˩ˈdɛ˨/ a boy
Feminine	No affix la˩ /ɫɑ˩/ the girl	Prefix ɖɑ˩- ḍa˩la˩ /ˈɖɑ˩ɫɑ˩/ a girl

Plural

	Definite	Indefinite
Masculine	Prefix vɑ˧- va˧de˨ /ˈvɑ˧dɛ˨/ the boys	Prefix ɬʌ˩˥- shuh˩˥de˨ /ˈɬʌ˩˥dɛ˨/ some boys
Feminine	Prefix βɒ˥˩- fò˥˩la˩ /ˈβɒ˥˩ɫɑ˩/ the girls	Prefix bʊ˨- bù˨la˩ /ˈbʊ˨ɫɑ˩/ some girls

Articles

Dwarvish encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	gò˨ /ɢɒ˨/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	hò˩˥ /ʜɒ˩˥/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ṛa˧ /ɽɑ˧/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc)
3rd singular fem	vo˩ /vo˩/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem)
1st plural inclusive	ṣù˧ /ʂʊ˧/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	lo˥˩ /ɫo˥˩/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	vaw˩˥ /vɔ˩˥/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	ho˩ /ʜo˩/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	sa˧ /sɑ˧/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	r̈a˨ /ʀɑ˨/ my
2nd singular	ṛu˩ /ɽɤ˩/ your
3rd singular masc	so˥˩ /so˥˩/ his
3rd singular fem	to˩˥ /to˩˥/ her
1st plural inclusive	ẓù˩ /ʐʊ˩/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ṭa˨ /ʈɑ˨/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	mo˩ /mo˩/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ha˨ /ʜɑ˨/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	fo˩˥ /βo˩˥/ their (fem)

Verbs

Masculine	No affix qu˨ /qɤ˨/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/it (masc)/he/they (masc)) learn
Feminine	No affix qu˨ /qɤ˨/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/it (fem)/she/they (fem)) learn

Dwarvish uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ɮɑ˥˩ - zha˥˩ qu˨ /ɮɑ˥˩ qɤ˨/ learned

Dwarvish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: xɛ˥˩ - khe˥˩ qu˨ /xɛ˥˩ qɤ˨/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Dwarvish uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix ʐʌ˧- ẓuh˧qu˨ /ˈʐʌ˧qɤ˨/ learns/is learning

Numbers

Dwarvish has a base-20 number system:
1 - ẓaw˨
2 - faw˩
3 - guh˧
4 - bò˩
5 - bù˧
6 - ǹgù˩˥
7 - tù˨
8 - ṣò˩
9 - buh˧
10 - ba˥˩
11 - se˩˥
12 - ṣe˨
13 - zhuh˨gluh˧
14 - ṛu˥˩
15 - zha˨
16 - ṭa˨
17 - gu˨
18 - shò˩˥
19 - kho˥˩
20 - zhò˥˩
400 - aw˥˩
8000 - be˥˩

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɮɔ˩˥-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʈɒ˨-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix tɒ˩-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ʟɑ˨-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix βɒ˧-
Noun to verb = Prefix bɑ˧-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ɽɒ˩˥-
Tending to = Prefix tʊ˩-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ɬɤ˩-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ʜʊ˩˥-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix xo˩˥-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɗʌ˩-
Diminutive = Prefix ɖɒ˨-
Augmentative = Prefix bɛ˥˩-

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