Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border.
Nathaniel Martin is the current Prime Minister of Canada.

Demographics

Canada's population is highly urbanized, with 79 percent of its population concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

Government

Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The Canadian monarchy is a separate legal institution from the monarchy of the United Kingdom, though the two offices are held by the same individual. The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited. In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons of Canada and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada, the head of government.

Defences

The Canadian Armed Forces are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act. This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence.
Royal Canadian Army: 2,260,000 regular force, 1,900,000 reserve forces, 70,000 rangers, 45,000 civilians
Royal Canadian Air Force: regular personnel: 50,700, reserve force: 17,400, civilians: 15,500, Planes: 3000
Royal Canadian Navy: 130,600 personnel, 144 ships (200 including auxiliaries)

Industry & Trade

Canada's top exports include gold, wheat, aluminium, rapeseed, vehicle parts, sawn wood iron ore etc. Canada imports coffee, silver, aluminium, vehicle parts, computers, packaged medicaments seats etc.

History

The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day Canada were inhabited for millennia by Indigenous peoples, with distinct trade networks, spiritual beliefs, and styles of social organization. Starting in the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored, colonized, and fought over various places within North America in what constitutes present-day Canada. The colony of New France was established in 1534 and was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years' War. The passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 recognized that Canada had become co-equal with the United Kingdom. After the Constitution was patriated in 1982, the final vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament were removed. Canada currently consists of ten provinces and three territories and is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
Canada's involvement in the Second World War began when Canada declared war on Nazi Germany on September 10, 1939. The war restored Canada's economic health and its self-confidence, as it played a major role in the Atlantic and in Europe. During the war, Canada became more closely linked to the The United States of America. Of a population of approximately 11.5 million at that time, 1.1 million Canadians served in the armed forces in the Second World War. Canada was a founding member of NATO after the Second World War, which Canada wanted to be a transatlantic economic and political union as well.
Canada's relations with the US started to deteriorate after Donald Trump became the President of the United States and started a trade war with Canada. In 2018, Donald Trump signed an executive order, slapping a 20% tariff on Canadian softwood lumber going into the United States. This was followed by tariffs on Canadian aluminium and steel. Canada responded by putting tariffs on US imports in a tit for tat move. This led to a trade war between the two nations. Following the 44th G7 Summit held in June 2018, Donald Trump called the then Canadian PM Justin Trudeau "meek and mild." The trade war is considered to be the beginning of the decline of US-Canada relations.
When the United States dropped a nuclear bomb on Democratic People's Republic of North Korea in the military operation called Operation Mousehole, Canada condemned USA's actions and was deeply critical of them. Citing the United States of America as a threat, Canada pulled out of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in the year 2025. Canada started their own nuclear program, and in a press release on 17 February 2032, confirmed that their nuclear program was successful and that they now possessed nuclear weapons.
Since then, Canada has leveraged its nuclear power to prevent The United States of America aggression against Mexico in the US-Mexico War of 2074. Canada has also heavily utilised nuclear strength to upgrade its energy grids in the years leading up to the Energy Crisis of 2065. Canadians use an inefficient fuel generated through nuclear plants to power their machinery. This may be inefficient but has allowed the country to survive thus far. Canada has been supported by Egypt post the First African Crisis.
Canada reacted violently to the Pope's declaration of the Crusade and was the first country to openly condemn the act. The Canadian Prime Minister quoted, "That buffoon does not know the might of the Free World." The Foreign Affairs minister later apologised for this reaction from the Canadian Prime Minister and assured the Catholic Treaty that the Pope would not henceforth be referred to as 'buffoon'.

Geography

Canada occupies much of the continent of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south, and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is to the northeast and to the southeast Canada shares a maritime boundary with the Republic of France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the last vestige of New France. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, however, Canada ranks fourth, the difference being due to it having the world's largest proportion of freshwater lakes. Of Canada's thirteen provinces and territories, only two are landlocked (Alberta and Saskatchewan) while the other eleven all directly border one of three oceans.
Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F) but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).

Natural Resources

Mineral resources include gold-silver, nickel-copper, copper-zinc, lead-zinc, iron, molybdenum, uranium, potash and diamonds. Timber reserves include timber stocks that are physically accessible and available for harvesting.

Type

National Territory

Population

69,515,929