The Titanomachy refers to the great war which established the immortal Jupiter (Zeus) as The Iron King of Olympus, overthrowing his father, Saturn (Cronus), The Bronze King, and imprisoning him and his fellow Titan allies into the depths of Tartarus, thus ending the Age of Bronze.
The Conflict
Prelude
After Saturnus overthrew Uranus and established himself as the Bronze King, the world entered a the second age, also known as the Bronze Age, with the second generation of immortals (called Titans) established as the rulers over Terra's dominion.
Saturnus had undisputed rule over the world, thanks in part by consuming any children he fathered. Unable to die, Saturnus took care of any potential heirs (and thus challenges) to his throne by swallowing them whole. A number of children were imprisoned in this way until his wife, Rhea, was able to hide away one child, Jupiter, and instead tricked Saturnus by providing him a swaddled rock to swallow instead of the infant God.
Jupiter was raised in secrecy until he came of age and confronted his father and cut open the Titan's belly, releasing his siblings and starting the Titanomachy.
The end of the Titanomachy resulted in the imprisonment of many Titans within the depths of Tartarus, the deepest cavern of the Underworld, while others, like Atlas, were given different more creative punishments. Not all Titans were imprisoned, however, and many continue to exist outside of Tartarus.
Historical Significance
The Titanomachy established Jupiter as the permanent ruler of the Conscious World and marked the beginning of the Iron Age. Jupiter created a strict code of laws that all creatures must follow and gave a number of Gods specific titles within the Court of Olympus. These Gods are known collectively as The Olympians.
The legend of the Titanomachy is widely told as a story of Good triumphing over Evil, but not all are happy with the outcomes of the war and it's legacy
Mortal humans have a vague understanding of it as the great war that saw the end of the tyranny of Saturnus and the beginning of the reign of Jupiter. They celebrate it as a story which helps demonstrate the glory of the Olympians.
However, when Deucalion visits his Titan father Prometheus, the Titan has a different take on the war and its legacy. He points out to Deucalion how Jupiter is just as tyrannical and manipulative as his father was, going to great lengths to prevent any threats to his power. He also points out how Jupiter and the other Olympians frequently abuse their position of power for their own selfish means. He claims that the Titans were not villains so much as victims of the same systems of power that Uranus created when he entrapped Terra and his successive heirs simply perpetuated these systems and added to them. Prometheus does not believe that Jupiter has ended the cycle of war, but that his mortal human creations are the next beings to overthrow authority.
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