Old Roinja
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
hosm graks nim jol̄ blew tsirwam chosm arwum blew jüma kaneks i askwok
Pronunciation: /hozm graks nim joːɺ blew tsiˈrwam hozm ɒˈrwum blew jʉˈma kaˈneks i asˈkwok/
Roinja word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Phonology
↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
Stop | p b | t | ɖ | k g | ||||||||
Affricate | ʦ | ʧ | ||||||||||
Fricative | β | f | ð | s z | ʃ | ɕ | x | ʁ | h | |||
Approximant | j | ʍ w | ||||||||||
Trill | r | ʀ | ||||||||||
Lateral approximant | l | ʎ | ||||||||||
Lateral tap | ɺ |
Vowel inventory: /a aː e i o oː u æ ɒ ɘ ɪ ʉ/
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ʉ | u |
Near-high | ɪ | ||
High-mid | e | ɘ | o oː |
Near-low | æ | ||
Low | a aː | ɒ |
Stress pattern: advanced
Word initial consonants: b, bl, br, f, fr, g, gl, gr, h, j, k, kl, kw, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pfl, r, s, sb, sk, skl, sl, sz, t, ts, tsx, w, x, z, zmr, ð, ŋ, ŋr, ŋw, ɕ, ɖ, ɲ, ɺ, ʀ, ʁ, ʃ, ʍ, ʎ, ʦ, ʦz, ʧ, β
Mid-word consonants: b, f, fl, g, h, j, jk, jɲ, k, kn, ksm, ksʧ, kt, kw, l, m, mhw, n, ng, nkl, nkt, ns, nsk, nt, ntr, nz, p, pr, pt, pw, pʃʁ, r, rf, rt, rw, s, skw, sp, stʁ, t, tk, tʁ, tʧ, w, x, z, ð, ŋ, ŋgw, ŋks, ɕ, ɖ, ɲ, ɺ, ʀ, ʁ, ʃ, ʃt, ʍ, ʎ, ʦ, ʧ, β
Word final consonants: b, f, g, gs, jn, jt, jʃ, k, kn, ks, kt, l, lt, lz, m, n, ng, nk, ns, nz, nʃ, pl, pt, r, rs, rt, rz, st, t, tl, ts, w, wt, x, z, zm, ŋ, ŋg, ɖ, ɲ, ɺ, ʁ, ʁs, ʁʃ, ʁʧ, ʃ, ʍ, ʎ, ʦ, ʧ, β
Spelling rules:
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ʃ at the start of a word | sh |
ʧ at the start of a word | tsh |
aː | a |
h | h|ch |
oː | o |
x | ch |
z | s |
æ | ä |
ð | th |
ŋ | ng |
ɒ | a |
ɕ | ch |
ɖ | d |
ɘ | e |
ɪ | i |
ɲ | nj |
ɺ | l̄ |
ʀ | r |
ʁ | rr |
ʃ | sch |
ʉ | ü |
ʍ | wh |
ʎ | l |
ʦ | z |
ʧ | tsch |
β | w |
Morphology
Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix iw-
Else: Prefix iwo-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɘŋgw-
Else: Prefix ɘŋgwaː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix x-
Else: Prefix xi-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix maː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ik-
Else: Prefix ikaː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix mɪ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jaː-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix li-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix i-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix i-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʉstʁ-
Else: Prefix ʉstʁɒ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ju-
Diminutive = Prefix o-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix ho-
Syntax
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Noun
Singular | No affix
njatsch /ɲaʧ/ |
Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix ij-
Else: Prefix iji- ijinjatsch /iˈjiɲaʧ/ |
Articles
Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|
Singular | a /a/
the |
sklo /skloː/
a |
Plural | heks /heks/
the |
düt /ɖʉt/
some |
Pronouns
1st singular | u /u/
I, me |
2nd singular | tscha /tsxaː/
you |
3rd singular masc | graks /graks/
he, him, it |
3rd singular fem | ki /ki/
she, her, it |
1st plural | sak /sak/
we, us |
2nd plural | ju /ju/
you (all) |
3rd plural | wa /wa/
they, them |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | pfla /pflaː/
my |
2nd singular | ngraf /ŋraf/
your |
3rd singular masc | blew /blew/
his, its |
3rd singular fem | ka /ka/
her, its |
1st plural | thu /ðu/
our |
2nd plural | am /am/
your |
3rd plural | ja /ja/
their |
Verbs
Present | No affix
pangg /paŋg/ |
Past | Prefix o-
opangg /oˈpaŋg/ |
Future | Prefix i-
ipangg /iˈpaŋg/ |
Perfect aspect
Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’,
which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken
but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
In Roinja, the perfect is constructed with an affix
Perfect | If starts with vowel: Prefix aːk-
Else: Prefix aːkɘ- akepangg /aːˈkɘpaŋg/ |
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