Federative Republic of Brazil

Demographics

According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2088, 48.43% of the population described themselves as White; 43.80% as Pardo (brown), 6.84% as Black; 0.58% as Asian; and 0.28% as Amerindian (officially called indígena, Indigenous), while 0.07% did not declare their race.
Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples. This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities, and in some instances, Allan Kardec's Spiritism (a religion which incorporates elements of spiritualism and Christianity).
Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. 73.57% of the population follows Roman Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism; 0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.
The official language of Brazil is Portuguese, which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.

Government

The form of government is that of a democratic federative republic, with a presidential system. The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government. Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.

Defences

The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force.
Brazilian Army: 459,663 active, 1,640,000 reserve;
Brazilian Navy: 100,000 personnel (incl 31,000 marines), 135 ships, 97 aircraft;
Brazilian Air Force: 89,500 personnel, 625 aircraft;

Industry & Trade

The top exports of Brazil are soybeans, iron ore, raw sugar, poultry meat etc.
Its top imports are vehicle parts, packaged medicaments, telephones, cars etc.

History

Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years. Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people, mostly semi-nomadic who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King John III of Portugal divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous Captaincy Colonies of Brazil. However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincy colonies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil, a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America. Portuguese expeditions known as Bandeiras gradually advanced the Portugal colonial original frontiers in South America to approximately the current Brazilian borders. In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranhão during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union.
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent João, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Brazil. There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges, and its National Bank, additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana. With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent João return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for the prior six years, the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state.
The tensions in the region grew as Brazillians started demanding independence. In 1821, as a demand of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto, D. João VI was unable to hold out any longer and departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased, and the Portuguese Cortes, guided by the new political regime imposed by the 1820 Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony. The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil, with the royal title of Dom Pedro I, resulting in the foundation of the Empire of Brazil.
Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's form of government, on 15 November 1889, in attrition with the majority of Army officers, as well as with rural and financial elites, the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup. The early republican government was nothing more than a military dictatorship, with army dominating affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power. Only in 1894 did the Brazillian civillians rise to power, but could only keep it till 1930. In October 1930, Getulio Vargas successfully led a military coup and overtook the governance of Brazil.
There were three attempts to overthrow Vargas, all of which ended in failure. With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier. Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.
Civilians returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and hyperinflation he inherited from the military regime. Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the election in 1989 of the almost-unknown Fernando Collor, subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992. He was succeeded by Itamar Franco, who was further followed by Fernando Henrique Cardoso. The power transitioned to Cardoso's main opposition leader, Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva, however his successor Dilma Rousseff's regime was not as stable.
Rousseff was impeached in 2016, and corruption charges were raised against her successor, President Temer. Brazil only achieved true stability under Olivia Santos in the year 2037 as she joined the Catholic Alliance. Under a strict Catholic doctrine, Brazil thrived, focusing on a growing economy and powerful South American beliefs. Brazillian-Argentinian tensions grew as the latter accused the former of repeated human rights violations. In 2046, the Brazillian-Argentinian FIFA finals were disrupted as three Argentinian players on the field lay on the ground. This political statement against recent Brazillian crackdown on protestors against the Catholic Alliance was greatly condemned by the Pope, the Catholic Alliance and by FIFA, who responded by disqualifying Argentina, handing the victory to Brazil.
This greatly damaged Brazillian-Argentinian relations, especially since the players were celebrated as heroes back in Argentina by many. They did have to enter a protection programme, claiming attacks by Brazillian agents. Brazil claimed the attackers were Argentinians who did not enjoy the loss in the 2046 FIFA. The brutal murder of one of the players has invoked no comments from Brazil.
Following the Energy Crisis of 2065, Brazil emerged as the most united and powerful nation in South America. Despite having only an imperfect formula for synthetic oil, a heavy shift to renewable sources has allowed it to continue as a functional state with a powerful military. Though not directly invading a country, Brazil sent a large number of forces to assist the 10th Crusade and has pledged to do the same for the 11th Crusade. There have been various protests against the current Brazillian regime and growing religious restrictions.

Geography

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and France (French overseas region of French Guiana) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 sq km, including 55,455 sq km of water. It spans four time zones; from UTC−5 comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas to UTC−4 in the western states to UTC−3 in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical. According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. Many regions have starkly different microclimates.
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world, with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity. In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions. The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.

Natural Resources

Brazil's natural resources include bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, clay, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower and timber.

Type

National Territory

Population

202,238,933