Brouian

Natively known as: brou /bɹaʊ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...

spei spei ja faig ash horrth spei draldhairsh aks ja keep eests urds

Pronunciation: /speɪ speɪ ʤɑ faɪg æʃ hɔːɹθ speɪ dɹældˈhaɪɹʃ ɑks ʤɑ kiːp iːsts ɜːdz/

Brouian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/





Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined

Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable

Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, dɹ, f, fl, fɹ, g, gl, gɹ, h, j, k, kl, kw, kɹ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɹ, s, sk, skw, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, spɹ, st, stɹ, sw, t, th, tw, tɹ, v, w, ð, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʍ, ʤ, ʧ, θ, θɹ

Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ

Word final consonants: b, bd, bl, bz, d, dst, dz, f, fs, ft, g, gd, gz, k, ks, kst, kt, kts, l, ld, ldz, lf, lk, lm, ls, lt, lts, lv, lvd, lvz, lz, lθ, m, md, mp, mps, mpt, mz, n, nd, ndz, ns, nst, nt, nts, nz, nʤ, nʤd, nʧ, nθ, p, ps, pt, r, rm, s, sk, sp, spt, st, sts, t, ts, v, vd, vz, z, zd, ð, ðz, ŋ, ŋd, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋz, ɹ, ɹd, ɹdz, ɹk, ɹks, ɹkt, ɹm, ɹmd, ɹmz, ɹn, ɹnd, ɹs, ɹst, ɹt, ɹts, ɹz, ɹʃ, ɹʧt, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃt, ʤ, ʤd, ʧ, ʧt, θ, θs





Phonological changes (in order of application):

• ɾ → t / _n
• h → ʔ / _#
• f → ʋ / V_V
• s → t / _#

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt	cked / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	ck
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ow / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	ear
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	ge / _#
ʤ	dg
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	quir
eə	ere

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.

Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.

Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have six cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: eɪ - ei edu /eɪ ɛˈduː/ dogs

Nominative	No affix edu /ɛˈduː/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks Else: Suffix -ɔɪks eduks /ɛˈduːks/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -ær eduar /ɛduːˈær/ dogʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -æv eduve /ɛˈduːv/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -iːd edude /ɛˈduːd/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	Suffix -ækst eduaksed /ɛduːˈækst/ from (the/a) dog

Articles

Definite	dear /dɪə/ the
Indefinite	kei /keɪ/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative
1st singular	tear /tɪə/ I	als /ælz/ me	kench /kɛnʧ/ mine	oundged /aʊnʤd/ to me	mere /mɛə/ at me	brurped /bɹɜːpt/ from me
2nd singular	dreined /dɹeɪnt/ you (masc)	vy /viː/ you	lamed /lɑmd/ yours	threi /θɹeɪ/ to you	strurts /stɹɜːts/ at you	huged /huːgd/ from you
3rd singular masc	spei /speɪ/ he, it	sarmed /sæɹmd/ him, it	ja /ʤɑ/ his, its	aths /æθs/ to him, at it	kei /keɪ/ at him, at it	scruze /skɹuːz/ from him, from it
3rd singular fem	sai /saɪ/ she, it	ai /aɪ/ her, it	fach /fæʧ/ hers, its	sno /snoʊ/ to her, at it	ulved /uːlvd/ at her, at it	thou /θaʊ/ from her, from it
1st plural	peb /pɛb/ we	smalv /smælv/ us	urns /ɜːns/ ours	gleths /glɛθs/ to us	nels /nɛlz/ at us	by /biː/ from us
2nd plural	twal /twɑl/ you all	frai /fɹaɪ/ you all	la /lɑ/ yours (pl)	squere /skwɛə/ to you all	thai /thaɪ/ at you all	sploilth /splɔɪlθ/ from you all
3rd plural	ken /kɛn/ they	sty /stiː/ them	snor /snɔː/ theirs	squeret /skwɛət/ to them	fai /faɪ/ at them	smansed /smænst/ from them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	kench /kɛnʧ/ my
2nd singular	lamed /lɑmd/ your
3rd singular masc	ja /ʤɑ/ his
3rd singular fem	fach /fæʧ/ her
1st plural	urns /ɜːns/ our
2nd plural	la /lɑ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	snor /snɔː/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix pirsed /pɪɹst/ learn
Past	Suffix -eɪ pirstei /pɪɹsˈteɪ/ learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -aɪb pirstaib /pɪɹsˈtaɪb/ learned (long ago)

Brouian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: aɪ - ai pirsed /aɪ pɪɹst/ will learn

Perfect aspect





The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.





Brouian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -z Else: Suffix -ɔːz pirstors /pɪɹsˈtɔːz/ have learned

Numbers

Brouian has a base-20 number system:





1 - ou

2 - am

3 - brarned

4 - jath

5 - quinge

6 - kei

7 - nilm

8 - pla

9 - ear

10 - niched

11 - wal

12 - urckhei

13 - esed

14 - traimped

15 - eo

16 - clips

17 - wurmtheedsed

18 - peths

19 - wurndged

20 - huvu

21 - ou spei huvu “one and twenty”

400 - sty “fourhundred”

401 - sty spei ou “fourhundred and one”

800 - am sty “two fourhundred”

8000 - broucfouzed “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɔɪ

Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z

Else: Suffix -ɑːz

Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -aʊn

Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ʊns

Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɪəld

Noun to verb = Suffix -ɔɪ

Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t

Else: Suffix -oʊt

Tending to = Suffix -ɛəlt

Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -aɪt

Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɑ

One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lf

Else: Suffix -eɪlf

Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɜː

Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bl

Else: Suffix -ɔːbl

Augmentative = Suffix -ɑ