Fstrost

Language of the Sslann

Natively known as: Fstrost fstrʲosʲtʲ

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... fsli dast spo bistr virt vdrek fsli khvasha virt kta drust fpil trilp Pronunciation: fsʲlʲi dʲasʲtʲ spʲo bistr vʲirtʲ vdrek fsʲlʲi ˈxvaʂa vʲirtʲ kta drust fpil trilp Fstrosti word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

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Grammar

Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: vlʲerx - vlerkh saru vlʲerx ˈsaru dogs

Nominative	No affix saru ˈsaru dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rtʲ Else: Suffix -ortʲ sarurt ˈsarurtʲ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -a sarua ˈsarua dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -o saruo ˈsaruo to (the/a) dog
Locative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -fʲ Else: Suffix -ufʲ saruf ˈsarufʲ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	Suffix -an saruan ˈsaruan from (the/a) dog
Instrumental	Prefix a- asaru ˈasaru with/using (the/a) dog

Articles

Definite	rent rʲent the
Indefinite	stru stru a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular masc	3rd singular fem	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Nominative	pla plʲa I	blo blʲo you (masc)	spo spʲo he, it	luj luj she, it	ksti ksti we	kru kru you all	khlu xlʲu they
Accusative	gro grʲo me	i i you	denk denk him, it	vzglu vzglʲu her, it	brart brart us	nus nʲusʲ you all	fstro fstrʲo them
Genitive	stre strʲe mine	fkholp fxolp yours	virt vʲirtʲ his, its	ti ti hers, its	dru dru ours	vmu vmʲu yours (pl)	klo klo theirs
Dative	pi pi to me	slik sʲlʲik to you	spi spi to him, at it	vde vde to her, at it	gri gri to us	ta tʲa to you all	pop pʲop to them
Locative	bi bʲi at me	bra brʲa at you	zdru zdru at him, at it	pru pru at her, at it	mnal mnʲalʲ at us	svo svʲo at you all	pro prʲo at them
Ablative	khval xvalʲ from me	bi bi from you	fkhozm fxozm from him, from it	im im from her, from it	zvest zvest from us	pta ptʲa from you all	li lʲi from them
Instrumental	stej sʲtʲej with/using me	skhor sxor with/using you	fslinkt fsʲlʲinkt with/using him/it	zer zer with/using her/it	dla dlʲa with/using us	stvozm stvozm with/using you all	smi smʲi with/using them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	stre strʲe my
2nd singular	fkholp fxolp your
3rd singular masc	virt vʲirtʲ his
3rd singular fem	ti ti her
1st plural	dru dru our
2nd plural	vmu vmʲu your (pl)
3rd plural	klo klo their

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st singular	Suffix -aj tsvijaj ˈʦvʲijaj (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -et tsvijet ˈʦvʲijet (I) learned
2nd singular	Suffix -u tsviju ˈʦvʲiju (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ir tsvijir ˈʦvʲijir (you) learned
3rd singular	Suffix -i tsviji ˈʦvʲiji (he/she/it) learns	Prefix i- itsvij ˈiʦvʲij (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ut tsvijut ˈʦvʲijut (we) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -zm Else: Suffix -uzm tsvijuzm ˈʦvʲijuzm (we) learned
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ Else: Suffix -oʦ tsvijots ˈʦvʲijoʦ (you all) learn	Suffix -ulʲm tsvijulm ˈʦvʲijulʲm (you all) learned
3rd plural	Prefix mno- mnotsvij ˈmnoʦvʲij (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix xlʲ- Else: Prefix xlʲu- khlutsvij ˈxlʲuʦvʲij (they) learned

Fstrosti uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: brask - brask tsvij brask ʦvʲij will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Fstrosti uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: pru - pru tsvij pru ʦvʲij learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Fstrosti uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -isʲnʲ tsvijisn ˈʦvʲijisʲnʲ have learned

Numbers

Fstrosti has a base-20 number system:
1 - zduzn 2 - sa 3 - sni 4 - a 5 - dvu 6 - sja 7 - kle 8 - stso 9 - dvao 10 - zvufchisk 11 - vlelk 12 - zvusk 13 - vilno 14 - dlakh 15 - dvastvuzhdot 16 - kaz 17 - nralno 18 - vis 19 - skvolp 20 - luzhbart 21 - luzhbartzduzn “twenty-one” 400 - gli “fourhundred” 401 - gli fsli zduzn “fourhundred and one” 800 - sa gli “two fourhundred” 8000 - sri “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix e- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sv- Else: Prefix svi- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix pi- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix trʲ- Else: Prefix trʲo- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix brʲ- Else: Prefix brʲa- Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ft- Else: Prefix fti- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix vlʲe- Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɕː- Else: Prefix ɕːe- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix trʲ- Else: Prefix trʲo- Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix zn- Else: Prefix zni- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix tk- Else: Prefix tko- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ʐe- Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix pr- Else: Prefix pru- Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix sxv- Else: Prefix sxvo-

Phonology

Consonant inventory: b bʲ d dʲ f fʲ g j k l lʲ m mʲ n nʲ p pʲ r rʲ s sʲ t tʲ v vʲ x z zʲ ɕː ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː ʦ ʨ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m mʲ		n nʲ
Stop	p pʲ b bʲ		t tʲ d dʲ				k g
Affricate			ʦ		ʨ
Fricative		f fʲ v vʲ	s sʲ z zʲ	ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː	ɕː		x
Approximant						j
Trill			r rʲ
Lateral approximant			lʲ l

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: advanced Word initial consonants: b, bl, blʲ, br, brʲ, bʲ, d, dlʲ, dn, dr, drʲ, dv, dvʲ, dʲ, f, fk, fklʲ, fp, fpr, fr, fsk, fsp, fst, fstrʲ, fsʲ, fsʲlʲ, ft, fx, fʲ, fʲpʲ, g, gdʲ, gl, glʲ, gr, grʲ, j, k, kl, klʲ, knʲ, kr, krʲ, kst, kt, kv, l, lʲ, m, mgn, ml, mn, mnʲ, mʲ, n, nr, nʲ, p, pl, plʲ, pr, prʲ, ptʲ, pʲ, r, rʲ, s, sj, sk, skr, skv, sl, sm, smʲ, sn, sp, spr, sprʲ, spʲ, sr, srʲ, st, str, strʲ, stv, sv, svʲ, sx, sxv, sʦ, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tk, tr, trʲ, tv, tvʲ, tʲ, v, vd, vdr, vl, vlʲ, vmʲ, vn, vnʲ, vr, vrʲ, vzd, vzglʲ, vzr, vzʲ, vʲ, x, xlʲ, xr, xv, z, zd, zdr, zl, zn, zrʲ, zv, zvʲ, zʲ, zʲdʲ, ɕː, ʂ, ʂk, ʂlʲ, ʂt, ʐ, ʐd, ʦ, ʦvʲ, ʨ, ʨlʲ Mid-word consonants: b, bj, bl, blʲ, bn, br, bʲ, d, dj, dl, dlʲ, dmʲ, dn, dr, dv, dvʲ, dʲ, dʲb, dʲnʲ, f, fk, fsk, fstrʲ, fsʲ, ft, ftr, fʂ, fʨ, fʲ, g, gd, gl, glʲ, gr, gz, gʐ, j, jg, jk, jm, jn, jsk, jstv, jstvʲ, jtʲ, jʂ, k, kl, klʲ, kn, kr, krʲ, kt, ktʲ, kv, kʦ, l, ld, lg, lk, ln, lnʲ, lp, lst, lt, lʐ, lʐn, lʨ, lʲ, lʲk, lʲn, lʲnʲ, lʲstv, lʲstvʲ, lʲt, lʲz, lʲzʲ, lʲʂ, lʲʦ, lʲʨ, m, mk, mlʲ, mn, mnʲ, mp, mʲ, mʲj, mʲpʲ, n, nd, nf, nglʲ, ngr, nk, nr, nsk, nspʲ, nstv, nstvʲ, ntr, nʐ, nʦ, nʲ, nʲdʲ, nʲg, nʲk, nʲsʲtʲ, nʲtʲ, nʲɕː, nʲʨ, p, pk, pl, plʲ, pn, pr, prʲ, pst, pstvʲ, px, pɕː, pʲ, r, rd, rdʲ, rg, rk, rl, rm, rmʲ, rn, rnʲ, rpʲ, rsk, rstv, rstvʲ, rsʲ, rt, rtk, rtrʲ, rtv, rtʲ, rv, rx, rxn, rxnʲ, rʂ, rʐ, rʐd, rʦ, rʨ, rʲ, rʲb, rʲj, rʲm, s, sk, sklʲ, skv, sl, sm, smʲ, sn, sp, spʲ, st, stk, str, strʲ, stv, stvʲ, sx, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲm, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, sʲtʲj, t, tk, tkr, tlʲ, tmʲ, tn, tp, tpr, tprʲ, tpʲ, tr, trʲ, tvʲ, tx, tʲ, tʲj, tʲnʲ, v, vd, vg, vlʲ, vn, vnʲ, vr, vrʲ, vʲ, vʲj, x, xk, xn, xnʲ, xr, xv, z, zb, zd, zg, zglʲ, zm, zmʲ, zn, zr, zrʲ, zv, zvr, zvʲ, zʲ, zʲb, zʲdʲ, zʲj, zʲlʲ, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ɕːn, ʂ, ʂk, ʂl, ʂn, ʂnʲ, ʂsk, ʂt, ʂː, ʐ, ʐb, ʐd, ʐdʲ, ʐn, ʐnʲ, ʐː, ʦ, ʦk, ʦs, ʦsʲ, ʦt, ʦtv, ʦtvʲ, ʨ, ʨk, ʨn, ʨnʲ, ʨt, ʨtʲ Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• r → rː / _[+nasal]
• n → r / _r
• b → m / _j
• j → t / _#
• e → i / C_V
• s → ʂ / _n
• e → i / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʨ	ch
x	kh
ʐ	zh
ʂ	sh
ʦ	ts
ʲ	∅
ɕː	shch

Dictionary

4519 Words.

Root Languages

• Abyssal
• Terran

Spoken by

• Nulbazil