Alqares

... e ele ficou segurando seu chapéu e virou seu rosto molhado para o vento ...
ţi ’īʻ midhˤiq ’āh fūm qād ţi ’āh lab kuʻāk bi ḩās ḑa
Pronunciation: /tˤi ʔiːʕ ˈmiðˤiq ʔaːh fuːm qaːd tˤi ʔaːh lab ˈkuʕaːk bi ħaːs dˤa/
Alqares word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ			k	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a aː i iː u uː

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʔ	’
θ	th
j	y
ʤ	j
x	kh
ð	dh
ʃ	sh
sˤ	ş
dˤ	ḑ
tˤ	ţ
ʕ	ʻ
ɣ	gh
ħ	ḩ
aː	ā
iː	ī
uː	ū

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nominative	No affix qubīk /ˈqubiːk/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -il qubīkil /quˈbiːkil/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ħ Else: Suffix -iħ qubīkiḩ /quˈbiːkiħ/ dogʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -sm Else: Suffix -ism qubīkism /quˈbiːkism/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ik qubīkik /quˈbiːkik/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -is qubīkis /quˈbiːkis/ from (the/a) dog
Instrumental	Suffix -uːzʔ qubīkūz’ /quˈbiːkuːzʔ/ with/using (the/a) dog

Singular	No affix qubīk /ˈqubiːk/ dog
Plural	Suffix -uː qubīkū /quˈbiːkuː/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	’i /ʔi/ the	na /na/ a
Plural	da /da/ the	hī /hiː/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Nominative	kuh /kuh/ I	quḩ /quħ/ you	’īʻ /ʔiːʕ/ he, she, it	du /du/ we	ţūq /tˤuːq/ you all	dī /diː/ they
Accusative	ḩa /ħa/ me	ku /ku/ you	ri /ri/ him, her, it	ja’ /ʤaʔ/ us	mi /mi/ you all	khas /xas/ them
Genitive	tu /tu/ mine	thuz’ /θuzʔ/ yours	khī /xiː/ his, hers, its	şa /sˤa/ ours	ghuḩ /ɣuħ/ yours (pl)	fūsm /fuːsm/ theirs
Dative	dā’ /daːʔ/ to me	hī /hiː/ to you	ghīl /ɣiːl/ to him, her, it	ma /ma/ to us	mā /maː/ to you all	kīr /kiːr/ to them
Locative	şu /sˤu/ at me	ʻall /ʕall/ at you	ba /ba/ at him, her, it	ja /ʤa/ at us	ḩu /ħu/ at you all	kism /kism/ at them
Ablative	tī /tiː/ from me	ru /ru/ from you	iz’ /izʔ/ from him, her, it	ū /uː/ from us	ḩan /ħan/ from you all	ā /aː/ from them
Instrumental	usm /usm/ with/using me	qīw /qiːw/ with/using you	qi /qi/ with/using him, her, it	ʻīfl /ʕiːfl/ with/using us	wa’ /waʔ/ with/using you all	qā /qaː/ with/using them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	mīr /miːr/ my
2nd singular	ghu /ɣu/ your
3rd singular	’āh /ʔaːh/ his, her, its
1st plural	ni /ni/ our
2nd plural	hīţ /hiːtˤ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	qusm /qusm/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix jiwwa /ˈʤiwwa/ learn
Past	Suffix -iːʕ jiwwaīʻ /ʤiˈwwaiːʕ/ learned
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ab jiwwab /ˈʤiwwab/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Buqīian uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: qaːħ - qāḩ jiwwa /qaːħ ˈʤiwwa/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Buqīian uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: zaː - zā jiwwa /zaː ˈʤiwwa/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Buqīian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Reduplicate first part of first syllable jijiwwa /ʤiˈʤiwwa/ have learned

Numbers

Buqīian has a base-10 number system:
1 - ţa
2 - tūq
3 - ’ā
4 - sha
5 - hak
6 - bu
7 - thul’ur
8 - qa
9 - ra
10 - lār
Hundred - īm
Thousand - bum

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -aː
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -i
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -iːʔ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -u
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -id
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʔ
Else: Suffix -iʔ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -iːn
Tending to = Suffix -a
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʕ
Else: Suffix -iːʕ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -aː
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -uː
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uː
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ar
Augmentative = Suffix -uː

Dictionary

1868 Words.

Spoken by

• Alqaresianos