Sopti

Natively known as: Sopti /sɔpˈti/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
fi ṣe chu ngatgi goch geṣ fi chu chew wechyshi mum ṣechysh mum
Pronunciation: /fi ʂɛ ʧu ŋɐtˈgi gɔʧ gɛʂ fi ʧu ʧɛw wɛcçˈi mum ʂɛcç mum/
Sopti word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b cç d f g h j k l m p s t w ç ŋ ɓ ɗ ɸ ʂ ʄ ʔ ʦ ʧ β/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m						ŋ
Stop	p b		t d				k g		ʔ
Implosive	ɓ		ɗ			ʄ
Affricate			ʦ	ʧ		cç
Fricative	ɸ β	f	s		ʂ	ç			h
Approximant						j		w
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: /i u ɐ ɔ ɛ/

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-low		ɐ

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, cç, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, p, s, t, w, ç, ŋ, ɓ, ɗ, ɸ, ʂ, ʄ, ʔ, ʦ, ʧ, β
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bt, cç, d, f, g, h, j, k, kp, kt, l, lk, lʧ, m, mp, p, pt, pw, s, t, tg, w, ç, çt, ŋ, ɓ, ɗ, ɸ, ʂ, ʄ, ʔ, ʦ, ʧ, β
Word final consonants: cç, d, g, k, l, m, s, t, w, ç, ŋ, ɓ, ɗ, ɸ, ʂ, ʄ, ʦ, ʧ, β
Phonological rules (in order of application):

• m→w / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
c	chj
j	y
ç	sh
ŋ	ng
ɐ	a
ɓ	b
ɔ	o
ɗ	d̂
ɛ	e
ɸ	f̂
ʂ	ṣ
ʔ	’
ʦ	ts
ʧ	ch
β	v

Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Noun

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

se /sɛ/ plural particle

Nouns have six cases:
Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man
Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog
Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man
Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog
Locative is the location of something: man walks to town
Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town

Nominative	No affix sed /sɛd/
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -ɛŋ sedeng /sɛˈdɛŋ/
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -iw sediw /sɛˈdiw/
Dative	Suffix -i sedi /sɛˈdi/
Locative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mpɐ Else: Suffix -ɛmpɐ sedempa /sɛdɛmˈpɐ/
Ablative	Suffix -ɐw sedaw /sɛˈdɐw/

Articles

Definite	f̂uʄ /ɸuʄ/ the
Indefinite	yam /jɐm/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative
1st singular	dim /dim/ I	’e /ʔɛ/ me	yaw /jɐw/ my, mine	ṣu /ʂu/ to me	yi /ji/	ko /kɔ/
2nd singular	ya /jɐ/ you	i /i/ you	fu /fu/ your, yours	che /ʧɛ/ to you	f̂u /ɸu/	’eʄ /ʔɛʄ/
3rd singular masc	ṣe /ʂɛ/ he, it	biw /biw/ him, it	chu /ʧu/ his, its	wu /wu/ to him	d̂is /ɗis/	mi /mi/
3rd singular fem	bal /ɓɐl/ she, it	tsow /ʦɔw/ her, it	nga /ŋɐ/ her, hers, its	ke /kɛ/ to her	so /sɔ/	puk /puk/
1st plural	kek /kɛk/ we	hes /hɛs/ us	push /puç/ our, ours	chyshak /cçɐk/ to us	wef̂ /wɛɸ/	chyshag /cçɐg/
2nd plural	ngang /ŋɐŋ/ you (all)	pi /pi/ you (all)	ping /piŋ/ your, yours (all)	fi /fi/ to you (all)	d̂i /ɗi/	she /çɛ/
3rd plural	mim /mim/ they	diṣ /diʂ/ them	tso /ʦɔ/ their, theirs	tsochysh /ʦɔcç/ to them	muchysh /mucç/	chysha /cçɐ/

Verbs

Future tense is indicated with the word:

Future particle

’esh /ʔɛç/ future tense particle

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -pti Else: Suffix -ipti chutsumipti /ʧuˌʦumipˈti/	Suffix -i chutsumi /ʧuʦuˈmi/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -jɔ Else: Suffix -ɔjɔ chutsumoyo /ʧuˌʦumɔˈjɔ/
2nd singular	Suffix -uʦ chutsumuts /ʧuʦuˈmuʦ/	Suffix -ɔ chutsumo /ʧuʦuˈmɔ/	Suffix -ɛ chutsume /ʧuʦuˈmɛ/
3rd singular masc	Suffix -im chutsumim /ʧuʦuˈmim/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʔɛ Else: Suffix -uʔɛ chutsumu’e /ʧuˌʦumuˈʔɛ/	Suffix -ɔʧ chutsumoch /ʧuʦuˈmɔʧ/
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -cçu Else: Suffix -icçu chutsumichyshu /ʧuˌʦumicçˈu/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -il chutsumil /ʧuʦuˈmil/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʂ Else: Suffix -uʂ chutsumuṣ /ʧuʦuˈmuʂ/
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɓ Else: Suffix -ɛɓ chutsumeb /ʧuʦuˈmɛɓ/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɐk chutsumak /ʧuʦuˈmɐk/	Suffix -iw chutsumiw /ʧuʦuˈmiw/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ɐt chutsumat /ʧuʦuˈmɐt/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɸi Else: Suffix -iɸi chutsumif̂i /ʧuˌʦumiˈɸi/	Suffix -u chutsumu /ʧuʦuˈmu/
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɗɐ Else: Suffix -ɔɗɐ chutsumod̂a /ʧuˌʦumɔˈɗɐ/	Suffix -ɐ chutsuma /ʧuʦuˈmɐ/	Suffix -ɛɓ chutsumeb /ʧuʦuˈmɛɓ/

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -si Else: Suffix -usi
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mpɐ Else: Suffix -umpɐ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -i
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -ɔŋ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɐl
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -uŋ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -si Else: Suffix -isi
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -ik
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ucç
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʂi Else: Suffix -ɛʂi
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -um
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -im
Diminutive = Suffix -ɛʄ
Augmentative = Suffix -um

Dictionary

4349 Words.