Lleddan (/ˈɬɛðaː/)

Lleddan is one of the languages of the planet Cury.

Natively known as: lledda /ˈɬɛðaː/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ly sbe llif ply sbe bri ly dww sbe sbant siey ryw gwei
Pronunciation: /lə sbeː ɬiv plə sbeː bri lə dwuː sbeː sban̥t ʃeɨ̯ rəu̯ gwei̯/
Lleddan word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d g h j k l m n n̥ p r r̥ s t v w ð ŋ ɬ ʃ θ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n n̥			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Fricative		v	θ ð	s	ʃ			χ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r r̥
Lateral fricative				ɬ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a ai̯ au̯ aɨ̯ aː ei̯ eɨ̯ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi̯ ɔɨ̯ ə əu̯ ɛ ɛu̯ ɨ ɨu̯ ɨː ɪ ɪu̯ ʊ ʊɨ̯
Diphthongs: ai̯ au̯ aɨ̯ ei̯ eɨ̯ ɔi̯ ɔɨ̯ əu̯ ɛu̯ ɨu̯ ɪu̯ ʊɨ̯ ?

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
f	ph
v	f
k	c
ŋ	ng
χ	ch
θ	th
r̥	rh
ɬ	ll
ð	dd
ɪu̯	iw
ɨu̯	uw
ʊɨ̯	wy
ɛu̯	ew
ɔi̯	oi
əu̯	yw
eɨ̯	ey
aː	a
ɔ	o
oː	o
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɛ	e
uː	w
ʊ	w
j	i
ɨː	y
ɨ	y
ə	y
ʃ	si
n̥	n
̯

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Definite	No affix yny /ˈɨːnɨ/ the dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix vɔɨ̯- fyny /ˈvɨːnɨ/ the dogs
Indefinite	If starts with vowel: Prefix gw- Else: Prefix gwə- gwyny /ˈgwɨːnɨ/ a dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix təu̯- tyny /ˈtɨːnɨ/ some dogs

Articles

Lleddan encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	dde /ðɛ/ I	cei /kei̯/ me
2nd singular	my /mɨː/ you	ni /n̥i/ you
3rd singular masc	sbe /sbeː/ he, it	tho /θɔ/ him, it
3rd singular fem	iuw /jɨu̯/ she, it	hand /hand/ her, it
1st plural inclusive	dwoy /dwɔɨ̯/ we (including you)	dy /dɨː/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	lloy /ɬɔɨ̯/ we (excluding you)	gai /gai̯/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	sa /sa/ you all	mei /mei̯/ you all
3rd plural	gy /gə/ they	thyrth /θɨrθ/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	dde /ðɛ/ my
2nd singular	my /mɨː/ your
3rd singular masc	sbe /sbeː/ his
3rd singular fem	iuw /jɨu̯/ her
1st plural inclusive	dwoy /dwɔɨ̯/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	lloy /ɬɔɨ̯/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	sa /sa/ your (pl)
3rd plural	gy /gə/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix cha /χaː/ learn
Past	Prefix hɔ- hocha /ˈhɔχaː/ learned
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix kl- Else: Prefix klɛu̯- clewcha /ˈklɛu̯χaː/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Lleddan uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: ðə - ddy cha /ðə χaː/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Lleddan uses the word for ‘finish’ sgw for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Lleddan has a base-10 number system:
1 - rw
2 - ha
3 - hew
4 - day
5 - nw
6 - oydd
7 - gau
8 - thasg
9 - sgill
10 - bw
Hundred - niwra
Thousand - crw

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛu̯g-
Else: Prefix ɛu̯gɨː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɨtbl-
Else: Prefix ɨtblɨ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix aː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛm-
Else: Prefix ɛmaɨ̯-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix a-
Noun to verb = Prefix iː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix oːr-
Else: Prefix oːrɔi̯-
Tending to = Prefix kɪu̯-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix χɨː-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kl-
Else: Prefix klɛu̯-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔɨ̯ŋ-
Else: Prefix ɔɨ̯ŋɔ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix st-
Else: Prefix stə-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix dw-
Else: Prefix dwɪ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix peː-
Maker = Prefix a-

Lleddan scholar

A Lleddan scholar conducting research with a series of texts.

Dictionary

3162 Words.

Lleddan chronicler

A chronicler organizing and compiling legends of the Lleddan culture.