Puryan

Natively known as: purya /ˈpuɾja/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
yun wago bi kiku a kai yun koka a zusan kaka da kegyu
Pronunciation: /jun ˈwago bi ˈkiku a ˈkai jun ˈkoka a ˈzusan ˈkaka da ˈkegju/
Puryan word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d g h j k m n p s t w z ŋ ɾ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Stop	p b	t d		k g
Fricative		s z			h
Approximant			j
Tap		ɾ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ŋ	n
m	n
j	y
ɾ	r

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Grammar

Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nominative	No affix rora /ˈɾoɾa/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -en roran /ˈɾoɾan/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -un roraun /ɾoˈɾaun/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -o rorao /ɾoˈɾao/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an roran /ˈɾoɾan/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	Suffix -an roraan /ɾoˈɾaan/ from (the/a) dog
Instrumental	Suffix -in rorain /ɾoˈɾain/ with/using (the/a) dog

Singular	Suffix -un roraun /ɾoˈɾaun/ dog
Plural	No affix rora /ˈɾoɾa/ dogs

Articles

Definite	zen /zen/ the
Indefinite	ken /ken/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular masc	3rd singular fem	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Nominative	pu /pu/ I	an /an/ you	bi /bi/ he, it	be /be/ she, it	nan /man/ we	gu /gu/ you all	no /no/ they
Accusative	ha /ha/ me	ke /ke/ you	kun /kun/ him, it	he /he/ her, it	ko /ko/ us	da /da/ you all	sa /sa/ them
Genitive	gi /gi/ mine	ka /ka/ yours	yon /jon/ his, its	so /so/ hers, its	to /to/ ours	wan /wan/ yours (pl)	za /za/ theirs
Dative	e /e/ to me	ga /ga/ to you	son /son/ to him, at it	ken /ken/ to her, at it	o /o/ to us	kon /kon/ to you all	en /en/ to them
Locative	bu /bu/ at me	un /un/ at you	zu /zu/ at him, at it	i /i/ at her, at it	u /u/ at us	rin /ɾin/ at you all	kin /kin/ at them
Ablative	nu /nu/ from me	ki /ki/ from you	zun /zun/ from him, from it	su /su/ from her, from it	ku /ku/ from us	hin /hin/ from you all	go /go/ from them
Instrumental	gon /gon/ with/using me	na /ma/ with/using you	don /don/ with/using him/it	gin /gin/ with/using her/it	ta /ta/ with/using us	bin /bin/ with/using you all	ru /ɾu/ with/using them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	zo /zo/ my
2nd singular	wa /wa/ your
3rd singular masc	a /a/ his
3rd singular fem	so /so/ her
1st plural	su /su/ our
2nd plural	an /an/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ze /ze/ their

Verbs

	Singular	Plural
Present	No affix zunpan /ˈzumpan/ (I/you/he/she/it) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -in zunpanin /zumˈpanin/ (we/they) learn
Past	Suffix -o zunpano /zumˈpano/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned	Suffix -on zunpanon /zumˈpanon/ (we/they) learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an zunpanan /zumˈpanan/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un zunpanun /zumˈpanun/ (we/they) learned (long ago)

Puryan uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ba - ba zunpan /ba ˈzumpan/ will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Puryan uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an zunpanan /zumˈpanan/ have learned

Numbers

Puryan has a base-10 number system:
1 - ta
2 - ru
3 - pon
4 - hi
5 - an
6 - a
7 - sopyu
8 - he
9 - po
10 - hen
Hundred - yazehin
Thousand - wapuba

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -o
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -on
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -a
Noun to verb = Suffix -o
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -en
Tending to = Suffix -o
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -u
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -un
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -i
Diminutive = Suffix -un
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an

Dictionary

3141 Words.