Puerquen

Natively known as: puerque /pɥeʁk/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
o cute vos gronrse cute blon o restipuerle cute juag stard chom lapte
Pronunciation: /o kut vos gʁɔ̃ʁs kut blɔ̃ o ʁɛsˈtipɥɛʁl kut ʒɥag staʁ ʃɔ̃ lapt/
Puerquen word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g j k l m n p s t v w z ɥ ɲ ʁ ʃ ʒ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Stop	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ			ʁ
Approximant					j
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u y ø œ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɛ ɛ̃

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e ø	o
Low-mid	ɛ ɛ̃ œ	ɔ ɔ̃
Low	a	ɑ̃

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: No fixed stress ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
e	e*4 | er / _#
ksj	cti
ks	xe / _#
ks	x
k	que / _#
kt	ct
sk	squ
k	c / !_{i,e,ɛ}
k	qu
d	de / _#
t#	te
wi	oui
wɛ̃	oin
jɛ̃	ien
ɛ̃	in
wɑ{a,ɑ}	oi
ʒ	g / _{i,e,ɛ}
ʒm	gem
ɥ	u
y	u
j	i
ʒ	ge / _#
ʒ	j
ʃ	che / _#
ɲ	gn
∅	e / CC_#
v	ve / _#
ʃ	ch
ʁ	r | rd | rt / _#
ʁ	r
ɔ̃	on | om / _#
ɔ̃	on
ɔ	o
ɑ̃	an
ɛ	e
ø	eu
œ	eu
w	u

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Definite	No affix bua /bwa/ the dog	Prefix ɑ̃- anbua /ˈɑ̃bwa/ the dogs
Indefinite	Prefix o- obua /ˈobwa/ a dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix fʁ- Else: Prefix fʁɛ- frebua /ˈfʁɛbwa/ some dogs

Articles

Puerquen encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ardre /aʁdʁ/ I	le /lɛ/ me
2nd singular	ve /vɛ/ you	ruapte /ʁwapt/ you
3rd singular masc	cute /kut/ he, it	side /sid/ him, it
3rd singular fem	co /ko/ she, it	flin /flɛ̃/ her, it
1st plural inclusive	spa /spa/ we (including you)	qui /ki/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	vuarte /vwaʁt/ we (excluding you)	minrle /mɛ̃ʁl/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	ugne /uɲ/ you all	suple /supl/ you all
3rd plural	cuen /kwɛn/ they	u /u/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ardre /aʁdʁ/ my
2nd singular	ve /vɛ/ your
3rd singular masc	cute /kut/ his
3rd singular fem	co /ko/ her
1st plural inclusive	spa /spa/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	vuarte /vwaʁt/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	ugne /uɲ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	cuen /kwɛn/ their

Verbs

	Singular	Plural
Present	No affix glactu /ˈglaktu/ (I/you/he/she/it) learn	Prefix dœ- deuglactu /dœglakˈtu/ (we/they) learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix vʁ- Else: Prefix vʁɑ̃- vranglactu /vʁɑ̃glakˈtu/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix bɛ- beglactu /bɛˈglaktu/ (we/they) learned
Remote past	Prefix pœ- peuglactu /pœˈglaktu/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned (long ago)	If starts with vowel: Prefix øb- Else: Prefix øbi- eubiglactu /øˌbiglakˈtu/ (we/they) learned (long ago)
Future	Prefix y- uglactu /yˈglaktu/ (I/you/he/she/it) will learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix mw- Else: Prefix mwɔ̃- muonglactu /mwɔ̃ˈglaktu/ (we/they) will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Puerquen uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If starts with vowel: Prefix pʁ- Else: Prefix pʁɛ- preglactu /pʁɛˈglaktu/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Puerquen uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix i- iglactu /iˈglaktu/ have learned

Numbers

Puerquen has a base-10 number system:
1 - rirche
2 - puan
3 - saste
4 - vrufre
5 - grode
6 - eu
7 - fa
8 - ove
9 - o
10 - i
Hundred - souin
Thousand - pie

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix gla-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ø-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fʁɥ-
Else: Prefix fʁɥɛ̃-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix lw-
Else: Prefix lwɛ̃-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix blɛ-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix la-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ɛ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ-
Else: Prefix ʃɔ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix v-
Else: Prefix vo-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix gl-
Else: Prefix glɛ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix mja-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix e-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁj-
Else: Prefix ʁjœ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ødj-
Else: Prefix ødju-

Dictionary

3041 Words.