Ramin
Ramin, also known as Ramish, is spoken in the country of Ramira. Not many in Jilvayna speak it; the native Jilvayn and the Dentherion language, Lyddisian, are more common.
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
li cleque feu ne sua furche li chorve sua steucle tan viorne fruecte
[alt] Pronunciation: /li klɛk fø nɛ sɥa fuʁʃ li ʃoʁv sɥa stœkl tɑ̃ vjɔʁn ˈfʁɥekte/
Ramin word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind[/alt]
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: a e i o u y ø œ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɛ ɛ̃
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b bj bl bw bʁ d dw dʁw f fl fw fʁ fʁɥ g gl gʁ j k kl kw kɥ kʁ kʁw l lj lw lɥ m mj mw n nw nɥ p pj pl pw pɥ pʁ s sp st stʁ sw sɥ t tj tʁ tʁw v vj vw vʁ w z ɥ ʁ ʁj ʁw ʃ ʃw ʒ ʒw ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: b bl bɥ bʁ bʒ d dbʁ dj dm dɥ dʁ dʒ f fj fl fw fʁ g gl gm gz gʁ j k kl km kn ks ksj ksp kspl kt ktɥ ktʁ kʁ l lgʁ lj lk ll lm ls lt lv lw lɥ lʒ m md mw n nd nm nɥ p pj pl plw pm psj pt pɥ pʁ s sj sk sl sm sp st stj stw stʁ stʁɥ sɥ t tj tm tn tw tɥ tʁ v vj vl vm vn vw vʁ z zj zn zw ɲ ʁ ʁd ʁdɥ ʁf ʁfw ʁj ʁk ʁkw ʁl ʁm ʁn ʁnj ʁpʁ ʁs ʁsj ʁsk ʁsp ʁsɥ ʁt ʁtj ʁv ʁw ʁʃ ʁʒ ʃ ʃt ʒ ʒj ʒm
Word final consonants: b bl bʁ d dʁ f fʁ g j k kl ks kst kt l lk lm lʒ m n nd p pl pt pʁ s sk st stʁ t tm tʁ v vʁ z ɲ ʁ ʁd ʁdʁ ʁk ʁl ʁm ʁn ʁs ʁsk ʁt ʁv ʁʃ ʁʒ ʃ ʒ
Spelling rules:
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
Ramin uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
2 - vrer
3 - deun
4 - graleub
5 - spilque
6 - eu
7 - rarle
8 - oui
9 - so
10 - ginxe
11 - inrne
12 - em
13 - borche
14 - iasie
15 - juevre
16 - sin
17 - culge
18 - drouiche
19 - rinste
20 - insman
21 - insman li trouive “twenty and one”
400 - vo “fourhundred”
401 - vo trouive “fourhundred one”
800 - vrer vo “two fourhundred”
8000 - odre “eightthousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix pu-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɛm
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bʁ Else: Suffix -ubʁ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -e
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʁ
Else: Suffix -ɛ̃tʁ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -dʁ Else: Suffix -ɛdʁ
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ep
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɔ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɛm
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix sy-
Diminutive = Suffix -yt
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁs
Else: Suffix -ɛ̃ʁs
Natively known as: ɹɑmɪn /ˈɹɑmɪn/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
li cleque feu ne sua furche li chorve sua steucle tan viorne fruecte
[alt] Pronunciation: /li klɛk fø nɛ sɥa fuʁʃ li ʃoʁv sɥa stœkl tɑ̃ vjɔʁn ˈfʁɥekte/
Ramin word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind[/alt]
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d f g j k l m n p s t v w z ɥ ɲ ʁ ʃ ʒ| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʁ | |||
| Approximant | j | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-palatal | Labial-velar |
|---|---|---|
| Approximant | ɥ | w |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i y | u |
| High-mid | e ø | o |
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ œ | ɔ ɔ̃ |
| Low | a | ɑ̃ |
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b bj bl bw bʁ d dw dʁw f fl fw fʁ fʁɥ g gl gʁ j k kl kw kɥ kʁ kʁw l lj lw lɥ m mj mw n nw nɥ p pj pl pw pɥ pʁ s sp st stʁ sw sɥ t tj tʁ tʁw v vj vw vʁ w z ɥ ʁ ʁj ʁw ʃ ʃw ʒ ʒw ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: b bl bɥ bʁ bʒ d dbʁ dj dm dɥ dʁ dʒ f fj fl fw fʁ g gl gm gz gʁ j k kl km kn ks ksj ksp kspl kt ktɥ ktʁ kʁ l lgʁ lj lk ll lm ls lt lv lw lɥ lʒ m md mw n nd nm nɥ p pj pl plw pm psj pt pɥ pʁ s sj sk sl sm sp st stj stw stʁ stʁɥ sɥ t tj tm tn tw tɥ tʁ v vj vl vm vn vw vʁ z zj zn zw ɲ ʁ ʁd ʁdɥ ʁf ʁfw ʁj ʁk ʁkw ʁl ʁm ʁn ʁnj ʁpʁ ʁs ʁsj ʁsk ʁsp ʁsɥ ʁt ʁtj ʁv ʁw ʁʃ ʁʒ ʃ ʃt ʒ ʒj ʒm
Word final consonants: b bl bʁ d dʁ f fʁ g j k kl ks kst kt l lk lm lʒ m n nd p pl pt pʁ s sk st stʁ t tm tʁ v vʁ z ɲ ʁ ʁd ʁdʁ ʁk ʁl ʁm ʁn ʁs ʁsk ʁt ʁv ʁʃ ʁʒ ʃ ʒ
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| e | e*4 | er / _# |
| ksj | cti |
| ks | xe / _# |
| ks | x |
| k | que / _# |
| kt | ct |
| sk | squ |
| k | c / !_{i,e,ɛ} |
| k | qu |
| d | de / _# |
| t# | te |
| wi | oui |
| wɛ̃ | oin |
| jɛ̃ | ien |
| ɛ̃ | in |
| wɑ{a,ɑ} | oi |
| ʒ | g / _{i,e,ɛ} |
| ʒm | gem |
| ɥ | u |
| y | u |
| j | i |
| ʒ | ge / _# |
| ʒ | j |
| ʃ | che / _# |
| ɲ | gn |
| ∅ | e / CC_# |
| v | ve / _# |
| ʃ | ch |
| ʁ | r | rd | rt / _# |
| ʁ | r |
| ɔ̃ | on | om / _# |
| ɔ̃ | on |
| ɔ | o |
| ɑ̃ | an |
| ɛ | e |
| ø | eu |
| œ | eu |
| w | u |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: prepositionsNouns
Nouns have two cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
Nominative
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | No affix mouii /mwij/ man (when doing the verb) | No affix leu /lœ/ woman (when doing the verb) |
| Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix stʁ- Else: Prefix stʁe- stremouii /ˈstʁemwij/ men (when doing the verb) | If starts with vowel: Prefix tʁ- Else: Prefix tʁɑ̃- tranleu /ˈtʁɑ̃lœ/ women (when doing the verb) |
Accusative
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sa- samouii /ˈsamwij/ (verb done to) man | Prefix ɔ̃- onleu /ˈɔ̃lœ/ (verb done to) woman |
| Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix lɥ- Else: Prefix lɥe- luemouii /ˈlɥemwij/ (verb done to) men | Prefix e- eleu /ˈelœ/ (verb done to) women |
Articles
| Definite | juexte /ʒɥekst/ the |
| Indefinite | voin /vwɛ̃/ a, some |
- Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
- Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
Pronouns
| Nominative | Accusative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | juove /ʒɥov/ I | rer /ʁe/ me |
| 2nd singular | i /i/ you | su /su/ you |
| 3rd singular masc | cleque /klɛk/ he, it | crin /kʁin/ him, it |
| 3rd singular fem | cue /kɥɛ/ she, it | qui /ki/ her, it |
| 1st plural | surle /suʁl/ we | cruerd /kʁwɛʁ/ us |
| 2nd plural | juin /ʒɥɛ̃/ you all | spom /spɔ̃/ you all |
| 3rd plural masc | pa /pa/ they (masc) | e /ɛ/ them (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | greu /gʁø/ they (fem) | cre /kʁɛ/ them (fem) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | frui /fʁɥi/ my |
| 2nd singular | lieu /ljœ/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | sua /sɥa/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | lo /lɔ/ her |
| 1st plural | do /dɔ/ our |
| 2nd plural | ca /ka/ your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | pua /pɥa/ their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | dufre /dyfʁ/ their (fem) |
Verbs
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix pl- Else: Prefix plœ- plurle /pluʁl/ (I) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁ- Else: Prefix ʁɛ̃- rurle /ʁuʁl/ (I) learned |
| 2nd singular | Prefix pʁo- prourle /ˈpʁouʁl/ (you) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix fl- Else: Prefix flɑ̃- flurle /fluʁl/ (you) learned |
| 3rd singular masc | Prefix stɛ- steurle /ˈstɛuʁl/ (he) learns | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁw- Else: Prefix ʁwɔ̃- ruurle /ʁwuʁl/ (he) learned |
| 3rd singular fem | Prefix y- uurle /ˈyuʁl/ (she) learns | If starts with vowel: Prefix dw- Else: Prefix dwi- duurle /dwuʁl/ (she) learned |
| 1st plural | Prefix a- aurle /ˈauʁl/ (we) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spø- spurle /spuʁl/ (we) learned |
| 2nd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix di- durle /duʁl/ (you all) learn | Prefix œ- euurle /ˈœuʁl/ (you all) learned |
| 3rd plural masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix lj- Else: Prefix ljɔ- liurle /ljuʁl/ (they) learn | Prefix e- eurle /ˈeuʁl/ (they) learned |
| 3rd plural fem | Prefix ʒe- geurle /ˈʒeuʁl/ (they) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix bl- Else: Prefix ble- blurle /bluʁl/ (they) learned |
| Future | Particle before the verb: ljy - liu urle /ljy uʁl/ will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Ramin uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:
| Imperfective | Particle before the verb: ɛ̃ʁn - inrne urle /ɛ̃ʁn uʁl/ learns/is learning |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Ramin uses the word for ‘already’ flin for the perfect aspect.
Numbers
Ramin has a base-20 number system: 1 - trouive2 - vrer
3 - deun
4 - graleub
5 - spilque
6 - eu
7 - rarle
8 - oui
9 - so
10 - ginxe
11 - inrne
12 - em
13 - borche
14 - iasie
15 - juevre
16 - sin
17 - culge
18 - drouiche
19 - rinste
20 - insman
21 - insman li trouive “twenty and one”
400 - vo “fourhundred”
401 - vo trouive “fourhundred one”
800 - vrer vo “two fourhundred”
8000 - odre “eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ovʁAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix pu-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɛm
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bʁ Else: Suffix -ubʁ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -e
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʁ
Else: Suffix -ɛ̃tʁ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -dʁ Else: Suffix -ɛdʁ
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ep
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɔ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɛm
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix sy-
Diminutive = Suffix -yt
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁs
Else: Suffix -ɛ̃ʁs
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