Koiskian - Koisk

Natively known as: koisk /ˈkoisk/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ta mos atamt kap mos horru ta chik mos yum him rilshï u
Pronunciation: /ta mos ˈatamt kap mos ˈhorru ta ʧik mos jum him ˈrilçɨ u/
Koiskian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: h j k l m p r s t w ç ʧ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m
Stop	p	t			k
Affricate			ʧ
Fricative		s		ç		h
Approximant				j
Trill		r
Lateral approximant		l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u ɨ

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e		o
Low	a

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)(C) ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɨ	ï
j	y
ç	sh
ʧ	ch

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Singular	Suffix -u mipsishu /mipˈsiçu/ dog
Plural	No affix mipsish /ˈmipsiç/ dogs

Articles

Definite	ak /ak/ the
Indefinite	sam /sam/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	church /ʧurʧ/ I	wïsht /wɨçt/ me
2nd singular	ke /ke/ you	i /i/ you
3rd singular	mos /mos/ he, she, it	kï /kɨ/ him, her, it
1st plural	wut /wut/ we	si /si/ us
2nd plural	he /he/ you all	kip /kip/ you all
3rd plural	ho /ho/ they	lï /lɨ/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	church /ʧurʧ/ my
2nd singular	ke /ke/ your
3rd singular	mos /mos/ his, her, its
1st plural	wut /wut/ our
2nd plural	he /he/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ho /ho/ their

Verbs

1st singular	Suffix -i iski /ˈiski/ (I) learn/learned/will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ls Else: Suffix -als iskals /ˈiskals/ (you) learn/learned/will learn
3rd singular	Suffix -uʧ iskuch /ˈiskuʧ/ (he/she/it) learns/learned/will learn
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ljo Else: Suffix -eljo iskelyo /isˈkeljo/ (we) learn/learned/will learn
2nd plural	Suffix -umt iskumt /ˈiskumt/ (you all) learn/learned/will learn
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -em iskem /ˈiskem/ (they) learn/learned/will learn

Koiskian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: jo - yo isk /jo isk/ learned

Koiskian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: çoç - shosh isk /çoç isk/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Koiskian uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

If ends with vowel: Suffix -sk Else: Suffix -osk iskosk /ˈiskosk/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Koiskian uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: ja - ya isk /ja isk/ learns

Numbers

Koiskian has a base-10 number system:
1 - som
2 - wu
3 - mo
4 - ya
5 - hill
6 - shï
7 - rikamt
8 - ye
9 - wop
10 - itlu
Hundred - cho
Thousand - hich

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ç
Else: Suffix -eç
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɨ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɨ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ok
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -amt
Tending to = Suffix -is
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -ɨm
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -es
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɨp
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -is
Diminutive = Suffix -is
Augmentative = Suffix -ɨʧ

Dictionary

3042 Words.