Natively known as: ˈagoˌmeɪ /ˈaɡoˌmeɪ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
net peh ya pesˈke frew yor net ya ˈnercat pet daupˈkall pang gek
Pronunciation: /net peh ʤa pesˈke frew jor net ʤa ˈnerʧat pet daupˈkall paŋ ɡek/
Kagomine word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f h j k l m n p r s t w ŋ ɡ ɲ ʤ ʧ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|
| Nasal | m | | n | | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Stop | p b | | t d | | | k ɡ | |
| Affricate | | | | ʧ ʤ | | | |
| Fricative | | f | s | | | | h |
| Approximant | | | | | j | | |
| Trill | | | r | | | | |
| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | |
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|
| Approximant | w |
Vowel inventory: /a ai au e i o u/
Diphthongs: ai, au
| Front | Back |
|---|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, fr, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sh, st, t, tr, w, ɡ, ɡr, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bʤ, d, f, h, hk, j, k, kh, kk, ks, kt, kɲ, l, lk, m, mb, ml, mp, n, nd, nk, ns, nt, ntr, nɲ, nʤ, nʧ, p, pk, pt, r, rb, rd, rh, rk, rl, rm, rn, rp, rs, rt, rɡ, rʤ, rʧ, s, sk, st, str, t, tk, w, ŋ, ŋh, ŋk, ŋl, ŋs, ŋɡ, ɡ, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Word final consonants: b, h, k, l, ll, m, n, nd, nt, p, r, rd, s, t, w, ŋ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|
| j | y |
| ŋ | ng |
| ɡ | g |
| ɲ | ny |
| ʤ | j |
| ʧ | c |
| |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have six cases:
- Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
- Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
- Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
Singular
| Masculine | Feminine |
|---|
| Ergative | Suffix -i
taˈhi /taˈhi/
man (doinɡ the verb to somethinɡ) | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ll
Else: Suffix -aill
ˈainaill /ˈainaill/
woman (doinɡ the verb to somethinɡ) |
| Absolutive | No affix
tah /tah/
man (doinɡ the verb, but not to somethinɡ) | No affix
ain /ain/
woman (doinɡ the verb, but not to somethinɡ) |
| Genitive | Suffix -ent
ˈtahent /ˈtahent/
manʼs | Prefix ɲau-
ˈnyauain /ˈɲauain/
womanʼs |
| Dative | Suffix -ub
ˈtahub /ˈtahub/
to (the/a) man | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ak
aiˈnak /aiˈnak/
to (the/a) woman |
| Locative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt
Else: Suffix -aunt
taˈhaunt /taˈhaunt/
near/at/by (the/a) man | If ends with vowel: Suffix -w
Else: Suffix -auw
ˈainauw /ˈainauw/
near/at/by (the/a) woman |
| Ablative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd
Else: Suffix -und
taˈhund /taˈhund/
from (the/a) man | Prefix kai-
ˈkaiain /ˈkaiain/
from (the/a) woman |
Plural
| Masculine | Feminine |
|---|
| Ergative | Prefix o-
ˈotah /ˈotah/
men (doinɡ the verb to somethinɡ) | Suffix -ap
ˈainap /ˈainap/
women (doinɡ the verb to somethinɡ) |
| Absolutive | Suffix -o
taˈho /taˈho/
men (doinɡ the verb, but not to somethinɡ) | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ll
Else: Suffix -oll
ˈainoll /ˈainoll/
women (doinɡ the verb, but not to somethinɡ) |
| Genitive | Prefix ta-
ˈtatah /ˈtatah/
menʼs | Prefix au-
ˈauain /ˈauain/
womenʼs |
| Dative | If starts with vowel: Prefix tr-
Else: Prefix trai-
ˈtraitah /ˈtraitah/
to (the/some) men | Suffix -e
ˈaine /ˈaine/
to (the/some) women |
| Locative | Suffix -a
ˈtaha /ˈtaha/
near/at/by (the/some) men | Suffix -u
ˈainu /ˈainu/
near/at/by (the/some) women |
| Ablative | Prefix me-
meˈtah /meˈtah/
from (the/some) men | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -en
ˈainen /ˈainen/
from (the/some) women |
Articles
| Definite | hut /hut/
the |
| Indefinite | sha /sha/
a, some |
Pronouns
| Ergative | Absolutive | Genitive | Dative | Locative | Ablative |
|---|
| 1st singular | a /a/
I | cuk /ʧuk/
me, I | ew /ew/
mine | men /men/
to me | trol /trol/
at me | kaih /kaih/
from me |
| 2nd singular | uk /uk/
you | aun /aun/
you | le /le/
yours | mak /mak/
to you | fre /fre/
at you | at /at/
from you |
| 3rd singular masc | peh /peh/
he, it | plu /plu/
him, it | prai /prai/
his, its | land /land/
to him, at it | gant /ɡant/
at him, at it | wi /wi/
from him, from it |
| 3rd singular fem | su /su/
she, it | i /i/
her, it | pen /pen/
hers, its | plunt /plunt/
to her, at it | yo /jo/
at her, at it | e /e/
from her, from it |
| 1st plural | ma /ma/
we | aiw /aiw/
us, we | traill /traill/
ours | fres /fres/
to us | nel /nel/
at us | mill /mill/
from us |
| 2nd plural | kai /kai/
you all | ta /ta/
you all | yaus /ʤaus/
yours (pl) | trai /trai/
to you all | law /law/
at you all | sha /sha/
from you all |
| 3rd plural masc | mi /mi/
they (masc) | taum /taum/
them (masc), they (masc) | ste /ste/
theirs (masc) | ge /ɡe/
to them (masc) | stas /stas/
at them (masc) | ho /ho/
from them (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | plo /plo/
they (fem) | nyau /ɲau/
them (fem), they (fem) | nyai /ɲai/
theirs (fem) | yaup /ʤaup/
to them (fem) | dang /daŋ/
at them (fem) | prauh /prauh/
from them (fem) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | ne /ne/
my |
| 2nd singular | ste /ste/
your |
| 3rd singular masc | ya /ʤa/
his |
| 3rd singular fem | ge /ɡe/
her |
| 1st plural | ta /ta/
our |
| 2nd plural | uh /uh/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | nyaun /ɲaun/
their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | cint /ʧint/
their (fem) |
Verbs
| Singular | Plural |
|---|
| Present | If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ip
auˈsip /auˈsip/
(I/you/he/she) learns | If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ep
auˈsep /auˈsep/
(we/they) learn |
| Past | Prefix e-
eˈaus /eˈaus/
(I/you/he/she) learned | Suffix -e
auˈse /auˈse/
(we/they) learned |
| Remote past | Prefix o-
oˈaus /oˈaus/
(I/you/he/she) learned (lonɡ aɡo) | Prefix sta-
staˈaus /staˈaus/
(we/they) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
Kagomine uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
| Future | Particle before the verb: daur -
daur aus /daur aus/
will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as
I am learning and habitual actions, such as
I learn (something new every day).
Kagomine uses an affix for imperfective:
| Imperfective | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd
Else: Suffix -ind
auˈsind /auˈsind/
learns/is learninɡ |
Numbers
Kagomine has a base-10 number system:
1 - rau
2 - da
3 - su
4 - ˈnyaundew
5 - ˈwunka
6 - ste
7 - ˈpipuh
8 - ko
9 - ˈmingsord
10 - geng
11 - gengrau “ten-one”
100 - o “hundred”
101 - o net rau “hundred and one”
200 - da o
1000 - wus “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix hu-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix le-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix sha-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix tro-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix u-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ta-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix tau-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sh-
Else: Prefix sha-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix i-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix e-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix tr-
Else: Prefix trai-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ-
Else: Prefix ʤau-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix so-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix st-
Else: Prefix ste-
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