Tof'kran
Natively known as: Tɔf'crorn /tɔfˈkɹɔːn/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...i tear yernig jans tear jurds i sars tear frump prir smaths iths
i tear yernig jans tear jurds i sars tear frump prir smaths ithsPronunciation: /iː tɪə ˈjɛɹnɪg ʤɑnz tɪə ʤʌɹdz iː sæɹs tɪə fɹʌmp pɹɪr smæðz ɪθs/
Tof'kran word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ/↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Stop | p b | t d | k g | |||||
Affricate | ʧ ʤ | |||||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ | h | |||
Approximant | ɹ | j | ||||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | ʍ w |
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iː | uː | |
Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | |
Low-mid | ɛ | ɜː | ʌ ɔː |
Near-low | æ | ||
Low | ɑ ɑː |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, dɹ, f, fl, fɹ, g, gl, gɹ, h, j, k, kl, kw, kɹ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɹ, s, sk, skw, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, spɹ, st, stɹ, sw, t, th, tw, tɹ, v, w, ð, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʍ, ʤ, ʧ, θ, θɹ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Word final consonants: b, bd, bl, bz, d, dst, dz, f, fs, ft, g, gd, gz, k, ks, kst, kt, kts, l, ld, ldz, lf, lk, lm, ls, lt, lts, lv, lvd, lvz, lz, lθ, m, md, mp, mps, mpt, mz, n, nd, ndz, ns, nst, nt, nts, nz, nʤ, nʤd, nʧ, nθ, p, ps, pt, r, rm, s, sk, sp, spt, st, sts, t, ts, v, vd, vz, z, zd, ð, ðz, ŋ, ŋd, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋz, ɹ, ɹd, ɹdz, ɹk, ɹks, ɹkt, ɹm, ɹmd, ɹmz, ɹn, ɹnd, ɹs, ɹst, ɹt, ɹts, ɹz, ɹʃ, ɹʧt, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃt, ʤ, ʤd, ʧ, ʧt, θ, θs
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- l → ɾ / V_V
- θ → h / _ɪ
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. Adposition: prepositionsNouns
Singular | No affix peth /pɛð/ dog |
Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤd Else: Suffix -ɛʤd pethedged /pɛˈðɛʤd/ dogs |
Articles
Tof'kran has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.Pronouns
1st singular | sly /sliː/ I, me, mine |
2nd singular | kem /kɛm/ you, yours |
3rd singular masc | tear /tɪə/ he, him, his, it, its |
3rd singular fem | strurn /stɹɜːn/ she, her, hers, it, its |
1st plural | shor /ʃɔː/ we, us, ours |
2nd plural | ky /kiː/ you all, yours (pl) |
3rd plural | proiled /pɹɔɪld/ they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | sly /sliː/ my |
2nd singular | kem /kɛm/ your |
3rd singular masc | tear /tɪə/ his |
3rd singular fem | strurn /stɹɜːn/ her |
1st plural | shor /ʃɔː/ our |
2nd plural | ky /kiː/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | proiled /pɹɔɪld/ their |
Verbs
Plural/Singular | Present | Past |
---|---|---|
1st Singular | Suffix -iː groozdy /gɹʊzˈdiː/ (I) learn | Prefix ɜː- urgroozed /ˈɜːgɹʊzd/ (I) learned |
2nd Singular | Prefix aʊ- ougroozed /ˈaʊgɹʊzd/ (you) learn | If ends with vowel: Suffix -fs Else: Suffix -ɔɪfs groozdoifs /gɹʊzˈdɔɪfs/ (you) learned |
3rd Singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -gd Else: Suffix -ægd groozdaged /gɹʊzˈdægd/ (he/she/it) learns | Suffix -aʊ groozdou /ˈgɹʊzdaʊ/ (he/she/it) learned |
1st Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹk Else: Suffix -ʊɹk groozdoork /ˈgɹʊzdʊɹk/ (we) learn | If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɪm groozdim /ˈgɹʊzdɪm/ (we) learned |
2nd Plural | Prefix ɪ- igroozed /ˈɪgɹʊzd/ (you all) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix θɹ- Else: Prefix θɹeɪ- threigroozed /ˈθɹeɪgɹʊzd/ (you all) learned |
3rd Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -lk Else: Suffix -aɪlk groozdailk /ˈgɹʊzdaɪlk/ (they) learn | Suffix -ɑ groozda /ˈgɹʊzdɑ/ (they) learned |
Future | Particle before the verb: spiː - spy groozed /spiː gɹʊzd/ will learn |
Numbers
Tof'kran has a base-10 number system:- 1 - bras
- 2 - stei
- 3 - draks
- 4 - glesh
- 5 - vy
- 6 - saisped
- 7 - esp
- 8 - draled
- 9 - fad
- 10 - veths
- 11 - vethsbras “ten-one”
- 100 - bras surks “one hundred”
- 101 - bras surks bras “one hundred one”
- 200 - stei surks
- 1000 - bras crimped “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb Prefix kɛ-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) If starts with vowel: Prefix sn- Else: Prefix snoʊ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) If starts with vowel: Prefix w- Else: Prefix wɜː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) Prefix glɛ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) Prefix faɪ-
Noun to verb If starts with vowel: Prefix fɹ- Else: Prefix fɹaɪ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) Prefix ɜː-
Tending to If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mɛə-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) If starts with vowel: Prefix bl- Else: Prefix blɛə-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) If starts with vowel: Prefix skɹ- Else: Prefix skɹuː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) Prefix ɜː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jiː-
Diminutive If starts with vowel: Prefix th- Else: Prefix thaɪ-
Augmentative If starts with vowel: Prefix tw- Else: Prefix twʌ-
Dictionary
Sample Sentences
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."i tear yernig jans tear jurds i sars tear frump prir smaths iths
i tear yernig jans tear jurds i sars tear frump prir smaths ithsPronunciation: /iː tɪə ˈjɛɹnɪg ʤɑnz tɪə ʤʌɹdz iː sæɹs tɪə fɹʌmp pɹɪr smæðz ɪθs/
Tof'kran Word Order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
"Control ensures peace."
Prished efed sleentaged.
Prished efed sleentaged.Pronunciation: /pɹɪʃt ɛft sliːnˈtægd/
Tof'kran Word Order: Peace control brings.
"The people of Tof'kran stand stalwart against the invading forces."
Tɔf'crorn faisk ruze stalwared gleha ems nircked.
Tɔf'crorn faisk ruze stalwared gleha ems nircked.Pronunciation: /tɔfˈkɹɔːn faɪsk ɹuːz staˈlwart ˈglɛhɑ ɛmz nɪɹkt/
Tof'kran Word Order: Tof'kran person stand stalwart fight military against.
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
kw | qu |
kt | cked / _# |
k | c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s} |
oʊC₁ | oC₁e |
uːC₁ | uC₁e / _# |
eɪC₁ | aC₁e / _# |
ð | th |
θ | th |
ʍ | wh |
ŋg | ng |
ŋk | nk |
ŋ | ng |
ʧ | ch |
ʃ | sh |
ɹ | r |
z | s / _# |
ju | u / C_ |
cc | ck |
c | k / _# |
{t,d} | ed / C_# |
aʊ | ow / _# |
aʊ | ou |
ɔɪ | oi |
ɪə | ear |
ɪ | y / _# |
ɪ | i |
ji | yi |
j | y |
iː | y / _# |
yy | yi / _# |
y | i / #_# |
ʌ | u |
iː | ee |
oʊ | o |
ʊ | oo |
ɛ | e |
ɑ(ː) | a |
t | tt / æ_# |
l | ll / æ_# |
s | ss / æ_# |
z | zz / æ_# |
æ | a |
ʤ | j / #_ |
ʤ | ge / _# |
ʤ | dg |
ɜː | ur |
ɔː | or |
uː | u |
quur | quir |
eə | ere |
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