Draconic

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ʃ ʒ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ				h
Approximant				ɹ		j		w
Lateral approximant				l

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ i u æ ɑ ɔɪ ɛ ɪ ʊ ʌ/

Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, ɔɪ

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ʌ
Near-low	æ
Low		ɑ

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ɹ, ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bɹ, d, f, fɹ, g, gl, h, hw, j, k, kn, kp, ks, kt, l, lʧ, m, mb, mp, n, nd, nf, ng, nv, p, pl, pt, pw, s, sp, t, tg, tk, tʧ, v, vw, w, z, ð, ŋ, ŋg, ŋh, ɹ, ɹm, ɹn, ɹp, ɹs, ɹv, ɹʧ, ʃ, ʃt, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• v → Ø / {t,d}_
• s → ʃ / _i
• v → p / _s
• v → ft / _s
• p → b / m_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aɪ	ie
aʊ	ou
eɪ	ay
j	y
æ	a
ð	dh
ŋ	ng
ɑ	â
ɔɪ	oi
ɛ	e
ɪ	î
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
ʊ	o
ʌ	û
ʒ	zh
ʤ	j
ʧ	ch
θ	th

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Noun

Singular	No affix ngaîg /ŋaɪg/
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɹ- Else: Prefix ɹæ- rangaîg /ˈɹæŋaɪg/

Nouns have four cases: Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog. Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man. Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix ngaîg /ŋaɪg/
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɔɪ- fɔîngaîg /ˈfɔɪŋaɪg/
Genitive	Prefix si- singaîg /ˈsiŋaɪg/
Dative	Prefix ɑ- ângaîg /ˈɑŋaɪg/

Articles

Definite	âg /ɑg/ the
Indefinite	kâk /kɑk/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	ba /bæ/ I	ngaî /ŋaɪ/ me	dhaî /ðaɪ/ my, mine	ra /ɹæ/ to me
2nd singular	mik /mik/ you	pâ /pɑ/ you	âw /ɑw/ your, yours	deîb /deɪb/ to you
3rd singular masc	mî /mɪ/ he, it	zâ /zɑ/ him, it	mi /mi/ his, its	noj /nʊʤ/ to him
3rd singular fem	ân /ɑn/ she, it	si /si/ her, it	ath /æθ/ her, hers, its	jû /ʤʌ/ to her
1st plural	chî /ʧɪ/ we	dhɔî /ðɔɪ/ us	hî /hɪ/ our, ours	sek /sɛk/ to us
2nd plural	â /ɑ/ you (all)	a /æ/ you (all)	raj /ɹæʤ/ your, yours (all)	pâm /pɑm/ to you (all)
3rd plural	sich /siʧ/ they	zhi /ʒi/ them	fɔîng /fɔɪŋ/ their, theirs	bas /bæs/ to them

Verbs

Past tense may be indicated with the word:

Past particle

hus /hus/ past tense particle

Future

If starts with vowel: Prefix ɪʒ- Else: Prefix ɪʒʊ- îzham /ˈɪʒæm/

Perfect aspect

Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
In Bingaowaîpian, the perfect is constructed with the word for ‘finish’ æŋæw + present tense of the verb.

Numbers

Bingaowaîpian has a base-10 number system:

1 - nop
2 - rap
3 - ân
4 - waî
5 - mu
6 - es
7 - hî
8 - ab
9 - shakneî
10 - re
11 - re pâs nop “ten and one”
100 - deîa “hundred”
101 - deîa nop “hundred one”
200 - rap deîa
1000 - veîngɔîpɔîw “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɑ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɑn-
Else: Prefix ɑnæ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix eɪgl-
Else: Prefix eɪgleɪ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix u-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix neɪ-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix ʊ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix gɛ-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix deɪ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ɛ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix it-
Else: Prefix itu-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʌŋ-
Else: Prefix ʌŋaɪ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛpl-
Else: Prefix ɛplɪ-
Diminutive = Prefix ɪ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix aɪθ-
Else: Prefix aɪθɪ-

Dictionary

4320 Words.