Gohgur (/ˈgohgur/)
Natively known as: ˈgohgur /ˈgohgur/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...chu pyon bip him ji mun chu pyuk bam bip kap pyat byu
Pronunciation: /ʨʰu pʰjon piːp him ʨi muːn ʨʰu pʰjuk paːm piːp kʰap pʰjat pju/
Gogur word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: d g h j k kʰ m n p pʰ s t tʰ w ŋ ɭ ɾ ʨ ʨʰ| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | p pʰ | t tʰ d | k kʰ g | ||||
| Affricate | ʨ ʨʰ | ||||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Approximant | j | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | ɭ |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | ɯ ɯː u uː |
| High-mid | e eː | o oː |
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛː | ʌ |
| Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ? Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| p | b / #_ !_ʰ |
| pʰ | p |
| ŋ | ng |
| ɭ | l |
| ɾ | r |
| ʌ | eo |
| ɯ(ː) | eu |
| ɛ(ː) | ae |
| j | y |
| ː | |
| tʰ | t |
| kʰ | k |
| ʨʰ | ch |
| ʨ | j |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
Nouns have three cases:- Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
- Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
| Ergative | If starts with vowel: Prefix etʨʰ- Else: Prefix etʨʰiː- ˈetchiteong /ˈetʨʰiːtʌŋ/ dog (doing a transitive verb) |
| Absolutive | No affix teong /tʌŋ/ dog (doing an intransitive verb) |
| Genitive | Prefix u- ˈuteong /ˈutʌŋ/ dogʼs |
Definite
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | No affix ju /ʨuː/ the boy | No affix et /et/ the girl | No affix teong /tʌŋ/ the dog |
| Plural | Prefix ɛː- ˈaeju /ˈɛːʨuː/ the boys | If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix po- bet /pet/ the girls | Prefix o- ˈoteong /ˈotʌŋ/ the dogs |
Indefinite
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Prefix mjoː- ˈmyoju /ˈmjoːʨuː/ a boy | Prefix ɛ- ˈaeet /ˈɛet/ a girl | Prefix ta- ˈtateong /ˈtatʌŋ/ a dog |
| Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʨ- Else: Prefix ʨeː- ˈjeju /ˈʨeːʨuː/ some boys | Prefix i- ˈiet /ˈiet/ some girls | Prefix ji- ˈyiteong /ˈjitʌŋ/ some dogs |
Articles
Gogur encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.Pronouns
| Ergative | Absolutive | Genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ael /ɛɭ/ I | mung /muŋ/ me | keop /kʰʌp/ mine |
| 2nd singular | ep /ep/ you | peu /pʰɯː/ you | hyaem /hjɛm/ yours |
| 3rd singular masc | pyon /pʰjon/ he, | u /u/ his, | nyae /njɛ/ his, |
| 3rd singular fem | sing /siːŋ/ she, | bi /piː/ her, | teong /tʌŋ/ hers, |
| 3rd singular neuter | sa /sa/ it (neut) | nom /noːm/ it (neut) | bya /pjaː/ its (neut) |
| 1st plural | bip /pip/ we | ju /ʨu/ us | ka /kʰaː/ ours |
| 2nd plural | meut /mɯt/ you all | pyang /pʰjaŋ/ you all | jin /ʨin/ yours (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | myal /mjaɭ/ they (masc) | kye /kjeː/ them (masc) | ung /uːŋ/ theirs (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | nyang /njaŋ/ they (fem) | o /o/ them (fem) | myeot /mjʌt/ theirs (fem) |
| 3rd plural neuter | nut /nut/ they (neut) | nye /njeː/ them (neut) | me /me/ theirs (neut) |
Possessive determiners
| Possessive | |
|---|---|
| 1st singular | pyek /pʰjek/ my |
| 2nd singular | a /a/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | bip /piːp/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | mae /mɛ/ her |
| 3rd singular neuter | sae /sɛː/ his, her, its (neut) |
| 1st plural | eul /ɯɭ/ our |
| 2nd plural | mol /moɭ/ your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | wu /wu/ their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | song /soŋ/ their (fem) |
| 3rd plural neuter | seu /sɯː/ their (neut) |
Verbs
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | No affix im /im/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) learn(s) | No affix im /im/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) learn(s) | No affix im /im/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) learn(s) |
| Past | Prefix noː- ˈnoim /ˈnoːim/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) learned | Prefix a- ˈaim /ˈaim/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) learned | Prefix u- ˈuim /ˈuim/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) learned |
| Remote past | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tɯː- tim /tim/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) learned (long ago) | If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix piː- bim /pim/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) learned (long ago) | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɾ- Else: Prefix ɾaː- rim /ɾim/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) learned (long ago) |
| Future | Prefix hjɯː- ˈhyeuim /ˈhjɯːim/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) will learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix iːg- Else: Prefix iːguː- ˈigim /ˈiːgim/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) will learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʌŋs- Else: Prefix ʌŋsʌ- ˈeongsim /ˈʌŋsim/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) will learn |
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.Gogur uses an affix for progressive:
| Progressive | Prefix haː- ˈhaim /ˈhaːim/ is learning |
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).Gogur uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
| Habitual | Particle before the verb: wuː - wu im /wuː im/ learns |
Numbers
Gogur has a base-10 number system: 1 - cha2 - eup
3 - hu
4 - yu
5 - byan
6 - in
7 - ˈaki
8 - ko
9 - na
10 - on
100 - nyan
1000 - ni
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix ka-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ɯk
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix u-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mʌ-
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ɛk
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʨʰwo-
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ
Else: Suffix -aːŋ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɛːk
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -aːn
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix eː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɯn
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ
Else: Suffix -oːŋ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʰa
Else: Suffix -ɛtʰa
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