Hewirski
Hewirskilisten is the native tongue of the Álfuríki and is the only language officially allowed within their borders. The language is only spoken by a few outside the Álfuríki, as the elves do not teach it to outsiders.
djón œ ás hlǫunn tú hrís djón męld á ás ulp skeín lælisten
Pronunciation: /djõːn øː aːs hlɔunn tuː hriːs djõːn mɛld aː aːs ulp skɛiːn lɛː/
Hewirski word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a ai au e eo eu i io o u y ø œ ɔu ɛ ɛi/
Diphthongs: ai, au, eo, eu, io, ɔu, ɛi
Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, br, d, dj, dl, drv, dv, dw, f, fj, fl, fr, g, gj, gl, gr, h, hj, hl, hn, hr, hv, j, k, kj, kl, kn, knj, kr, kv, l, lj, m, mj, n, p, pj, pl, pr, r, rj, s, sj, sk, sl, sn, st, sv, t, tj, tr, v, vj, vl, w, θ, θj, θr, θv
Mid-word consonants: b, br, d, dr, dw, f, fn, fð, g, gg, gh, gj, gl, gr, gð, h, hj, hl, hn, hr, hv, j, k, kj, kk, kl, kn, knj, kr, kv, l, ld, ldr, lg, lgh, lk, ll, lm, lt, m, mb, mj, mn, n, nct, nd, nk, nn, nt, p, pj, pl, pp, pr, r, rg, rh, rj, rk, rkj, rl, rm, rn, rst, rð, s, sj, sk, skr, sl, ss, st, sv, t, tj, tr, tt, v, vj, vl, vm, w, ð, ðj, ðk, ðr, ðs, ŋ, ŋn, θ, θj, θv
Word final consonants: d, k, kt, ld, ldr, lm, lp, mb, n, nd, nn, nt, pp, r, rg, rm, s, sk, st, t, tt, ð, ŋ Phonological changes (in order of application):
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
2 - ió
3 - ár
4 - œ
5 - drvę
6 - dwé
7 - slantǫúvi
8 - skǫund
9 - ít
10 - øðrø
11 - øðrø djón hœ “ten and one”
100 - prønd “hundred”
101 - prønd hœ “hundred one”
200 - ió prønd
1000 - dló “thousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix iv-
Else: Prefix ivai-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix au-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix θr-
Else: Prefix θry-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ykj-
Else: Prefix ykjo-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔusl-
Else: Prefix ɔuslau-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix su-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix œkr-
Else: Prefix œkre-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix hri-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix œkn-
Else: Prefix œkno-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix dɔu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɛ-
Diminutive = Prefix i-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix œðj-
Else: Prefix œðja-
Natively known as: Hýwøsk /ˈhyːwøsk/listen
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...djón œ ás hlǫunn tú hrís djón męld á ás ulp skeín lælisten
Pronunciation: /djõːn øː aːs hlɔunn tuː hriːs djõːn mɛld aː aːs ulp skɛiːn lɛː/
Hewirski word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w ð ŋ θ/↓Manner/ Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||
Stop | p b | t d | c | ||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s | ||
Approximant | j | ||||
Trill | r | ||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/ Place→ | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|
Nasal | ŋ | |
Stop | k g | |
Fricative | h | |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labio-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i y | u |
High-mid | e ø | o |
Low-mid | ɛ œ | |
Low | a |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, br, d, dj, dl, drv, dv, dw, f, fj, fl, fr, g, gj, gl, gr, h, hj, hl, hn, hr, hv, j, k, kj, kl, kn, knj, kr, kv, l, lj, m, mj, n, p, pj, pl, pr, r, rj, s, sj, sk, sl, sn, st, sv, t, tj, tr, v, vj, vl, w, θ, θj, θr, θv
Mid-word consonants: b, br, d, dr, dw, f, fn, fð, g, gg, gh, gj, gl, gr, gð, h, hj, hl, hn, hr, hv, j, k, kj, kk, kl, kn, knj, kr, kv, l, ld, ldr, lg, lgh, lk, ll, lm, lt, m, mb, mj, mn, n, nct, nd, nk, nn, nt, p, pj, pl, pp, pr, r, rg, rh, rj, rk, rkj, rl, rm, rn, rst, rð, s, sj, sk, skr, sl, ss, st, sv, t, tj, tr, tt, v, vj, vl, vm, w, ð, ðj, ðk, ðr, ðs, ŋ, ŋn, θ, θj, θv
Word final consonants: d, k, kt, ld, ldr, lm, lp, mb, n, nd, nn, nt, pp, r, rg, rm, s, sk, st, t, tt, ð, ŋ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- ð → θ / _C[-voice]
- {p,b} → v / V_V
- g → k / _s
- g → k / _t
- gi → jɪ / V_
- g → ːɣ / V_V
- i → ĩ / _N
- a → ã / _N
- u → ũ / _N
- o → õ / _N
- ɛ → ɛ̃ / _N
- e → ẽ / _N
- ɔ → ɔ̃ / _N
- y → ỹ / _N
- ø → ø̃ / _N
- œ → œ̃ / _N
- V → $&ː / _CV
- V → $&ː / _pr
- V → $&ː / _tr
- V → $&ː / _kr
- V → $&ː / _sr
- V → $&ː / _pj
- V → $&ː / _tj
- V → $&ː / _kj
- V → $&ː / _sj
- V → $&ː / _tv
- V → $&ː / _kv
- V → $&ː / #C_#
- V → $&ː / #CC_#
- V → $&ː / #_#
- V → $&ː / #_C#
- V → $&ː / #C_C#
- V → $&ː / #CC_C#
- (?<=ˈC*)V(?=C)(?!C) → $&ː
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
aː | á |
eː | é |
iː | í |
oː | ó |
uː | ú |
yː | ý |
øː | œ |
ŋ | ng |
œ | ø |
œː | æ |
ɔ | ǫ |
ɔː | ǫ́ |
ɛ | ę |
ɛi | ei |
ɛː | æ |
ɣ | gg |
ː | ́ |
̃ | |
θ | Þ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have three cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
Nominative | No affix ombǫúkau /ˈõmbɔuːkau/ dog (doing the verb) |
Accusative | Prefix peu- peuombǫúkau /ˈpeuõmˌbɔuːkau/ (verb done to) dog |
Genitive | If starts with vowel: Prefix sn- Else: Prefix snɛi- snombǫúkau /ˈsnõmbɔuːkau/ dogʼs |
Singular | No affix ombǫúkau /ˈõmbɔuːkau/ dog |
Plural | Prefix ai- aiombǫúkau /ˈaiõmˌbɔuːkau/ dogs |
Articles
Definite | aúð /auːð/ the |
Indefinite | weopp /weopp/ a, some |
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | ljæ /ljɛː/ I | irm /irm/ me | hœ /høː/ mine |
2nd singular | eí /ɛiː/ you | mó /moː/ you | kró /kroː/ yours |
3rd singular | œ /øː/ he, she, it | svaú /svauː/ him, her, it | ás /aːs/ his, hers, its |
1st plural | í /iː/ we | hlǫú /hlɔuː/ us | kaí /kaiː/ ours |
2nd plural | ió /ioː/ you (all) | drvę /drvɛ/ you (all) | á /aː/ yours |
3rd plural | kaú /kauː/ they | æ /ɛː/ them | djost /djost/ theirs |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | hœ /høː/ my |
2nd singular | kró /kroː/ your |
3rd singular | ás /aːs/ his, her, its |
1st plural | kaí /kaiː/ our |
2nd plural | kró /kroː/ your |
3rd plural | djost /djost/ their |
Verbs
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Present | Prefix frau- fraújost /ˈfrauːjost/ (I/you/he/she) studies | Suffix -y josty /ˈjosty/ (we/they) study |
Past | If ends with vowel: Suffix -dwɛ Else: Suffix -odwɛ jostodwę /ˈjostodwɛ/ (I/you/he/she) studied | If ends with vowel: Suffix -rki Else: Suffix -erki josterki /ˈjosterki/ (we/they) studied |
Future | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -uk jostuk /ˈjostuk/ (I/you/he/she) will study | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ky Else: Suffix -euky josteúky /ˈjosteuːky/ (we/they) will study |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Hewirski uses an affix for the perfect aspect:Perfect | If ends with vowel: Suffix -go Else: Suffix -eugo josteúggo /ˈjosteuːɣo/ |
Numbers
Hewirski has a base-10 number system: 1 - hœ2 - ió
3 - ár
4 - œ
5 - drvę
6 - dwé
7 - slantǫúvi
8 - skǫund
9 - ít
10 - øðrø
11 - øðrø djón hœ “ten and one”
100 - prønd “hundred”
101 - prønd hœ “hundred one”
200 - ió prønd
1000 - dló “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix bau-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix iv-
Else: Prefix ivai-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix au-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix θr-
Else: Prefix θry-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ykj-
Else: Prefix ykjo-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔusl-
Else: Prefix ɔuslau-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix su-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix œkr-
Else: Prefix œkre-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix hri-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix œkn-
Else: Prefix œkno-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix dɔu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɛ-
Diminutive = Prefix i-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix œðj-
Else: Prefix œðja-
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