Infernal
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b k t ŋ ɢ ɣ ɱ ɸ ʈ ʍ ʒ ʤ ʧ β θ χ/↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | ɱ | ŋ | |||||||
Stop | b | t | ʈ | k | ɢ | ||||
Affricate | ʧ ʤ | ||||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | θ | ʒ | ɣ | χ | ||||
Approximant | ʍ |
Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y æ ø œ ɐ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɘ ə ɛ ɜ ɞ ɤ ɨ ɪ ɯ ɵ ɶ ʉ ʊ ʌ ʏ/
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i y | ɨ ʉ | ɯ u |
Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
High-mid | e ø | ɘ ɵ | ɤ o |
Mid | ə | ||
Low-mid | ɛ œ | ɜ ɞ | ʌ ɔ |
Near-low | æ | ɐ | |
Low | a ɶ | ɑ ɒ |
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, k, kŋ, t, ŋ, ɢ, ɣ, ɱ, ɸ, ʈ, ʍ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, β, θ, χ
Mid-word consonants: b, k, t, ŋ, ɣ, ɱ, ɸ, ʈ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, β, θ, χ
Word final consonants: b, k, t, ŋ, ɣ, ɱ, ʒ, ʤ, θ, χ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- k → ʧ / _E
- t → ɾ / _a
- ɣ → g / C_V
- o → u / V_
- θ → h / _ɪ
- b → w / V_V
- ʤ → ʧ / i_{u,i}
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
y | û |
ŋ | ng |
ɐ | ä |
ɑ | à |
ɒ | ǒ |
ɔ | aw |
ɘ | ě |
ə | ò |
ɛ | ë |
ɜ | ǔ |
ɞ | ö |
ɢ | q |
ɣ | g̀ |
ɤ | è |
ɨ | ú |
ɪ | ì |
ɯ | ú |
ɱ | m |
ɵ | ú |
ɶ | ô |
ɸ | p |
ʈ | ṭ |
ʉ | ú |
ʊ | ù |
ʌ | ü |
ʍ | w |
ʏ | ú |
ʒ | z |
ʤ | j |
ʧ | ch |
β | v |
θ | th |
χ | kh |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door with a key opened.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Noun
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | No affix
zœkh /ʒœχ/ |
Suffix -oθ
zœkhoth /ʒœˈχoθ/ |
Feminine | No affix
zœkh /ʒœχ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -et zœkhet /ʒœˈχet/ |
Neuter | No affix
zœkh /ʒœχ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɸʊ
Else: Suffix -ɞɸʊ zœkhöpù /ʒœχɞˈɸʊ/ |
Nouns have seven cases: Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog. Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man. Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog. Locative is the location of something: man walks to town. Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town. Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
Nominative | No affix
zœkh /ʒœχ/ |
Accusative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -kø
Else: Suffix -ɛkø zœkhëkø /ʒœχɛˈkø/ |
Genitive | Suffix -ʉb
zœkhúb /ʒœˈχʉb/ |
Dative | Suffix -ɯ
zœkhú /ʒœˈχɯ/ |
Locative | Suffix -u
zœkhu /ʒœˈχu/ |
Ablative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤ
Else: Suffix -ʊʤ zœkhùj /ʒœˈχʊʤ/ |
Instrumental | Suffix -y
zœkhû /ʒœˈχy/ |
Articles
Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|
Singular | më /ɱɛ/
the |
ú /ɯ/
a |
Plural | khèth /χɤθ/
the |
zú /ʒɵ/
some |
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Locative | Ablative | Instrumental | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st singular | pak /ɸak/
I |
běth /bɘθ/
me |
zû /ʒy/
my, mine |
kngùth /kŋʊθ/
to me |
ṭùm /ʈʊɱ/ | khœ /χœ/ | wàz /ʍɑʒ/ |
2nd singular | zěth /ʒɘθ/
you |
pú /ɸɯ/
you |
ngùz /ŋʊʒ/
your, yours |
mǔ /ɱɜ/
to you |
ku /ku/ | mä /ɱɐ/ | ù /ʊ/ |
3rd singular masc | u /u/
he, it |
kawt /kɔt/
him, it |
bú /bɨ/
his, its |
ngúj /ŋɯʤ/
to him |
töm /tɞɱ/ | pag̀ /ɸaɣ/ | thöm /θɞɱ/ |
3rd singular fem | pùng /ɸʊŋ/
she, it |
kngùt /kŋʊt/
her, it |
zì /ʒɪ/
her, hers, its |
zœ /ʒœ/
to her |
ü /ʌ/ | ngúb /ŋɯb/ | thú /θɨ/ |
1st plural | kè /kɤ/
we |
chú /ʧɯ/
us |
kü /kʌ/
our, ours |
wä /ʍɐ/
to us |
chæm /ʧæɱ/ | jòj /ʤəʤ/ | qǒt /ɢɒt/ |
2nd plural | bøb /bøb/
you (all) |
g̀ü /ɣʌ/
you (all) |
kngùb /kŋʊb/
your, yours (all) |
wàk /ʍɑk/
to you (all) |
khèg̀ /χɤɣ/ | më /ɱɛ/ | jú /ʤɨ/ |
3rd plural masc | ngü /ŋʌ/
they (masculine) |
ngùm /ŋʊɱ/
them (masculine) |
kngùg̀ /kŋʊɣ/
their, theirs (masculine) |
qim /ɢiɱ/
to them (masculine) |
pùm /ɸʊɱ/ | bû /by/ | ngúng /ŋɯŋ/ |
3rd plural fem | kngøz /kŋøʒ/
they (feminine) |
vèth /βɤθ/
them (feminine) |
qòm /ɢəɱ/
their, theirs (feminine) |
miz /ɱiʒ/
to them (feminine) |
ṭú /ʈʉ/ | kúkh /kɯχ/ | khět /χɘt/ |
Verbs
Future tense is indicated with the word:Future particle | thöm /θɞɱ/
future tense particle |
Present | Past | Remote past | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -θɵ
Else: Suffix -ɘθɵ chütěthú /ʧʌtɘˈθɵ/ |
Suffix -ʊɱ
chütùm /ʧʌˈtʊɱ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʈa
Else: Suffix -aʈa chütaṭa /ʧʌtaˈʈa/ |
2nd singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤœ
Else: Suffix -ɔʤœ chütawjœ /ʧʌtɔˈʤœ/ |
Suffix -ʌ
chütü /ʧʌˈtʌ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -ɐχ chütäkh /ʧʌˈtɐχ/ |
3rd singular masc | Suffix -ʊ
chütù /ʧʌˈtʊ/ |
Suffix -ɵ
chütú /ʧʌˈtɵ/ |
Suffix -ə
chütò /ʧʌˈtə/ |
3rd singular fem | Suffix -ʉ
chütú /ʧʌˈtʉ/ |
Suffix -æ
chütæ /ʧʌˈtæ/ |
Suffix -ɐŋ
chütäng /ʧʌˈtɐŋ/ |
1st plural | Suffix -ɯχ
chütúkh /ʧʌˈtɯχ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʈɑ
Else: Suffix -yʈɑ chütûṭà /ʧʌtyˈʈɑ/ |
Suffix -ɘɣ
chütěg̀ /ʧʌˈtɘɣ/ |
2nd plural | Suffix -ʉb
chütúb /ʧʌˈtʉb/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɱɨ
Else: Suffix -øɱɨ chütømú /ʧʌtøˈɱɨ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -βɞ
Else: Suffix -aβɞ chütavö /ʧʌtaˈβɞ/ |
3rd plural masc | Suffix -ɶb
chütôb /ʧʌˈtɶb/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -χɘ
Else: Suffix -iχɘ chütikhě /ʧʌtiˈχɘ/ |
Suffix -ub
chütub /ʧʌˈtub/ |
3rd plural fem | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɱɑ
Else: Suffix -ɨɱɑ chütúmà /ʧʌtɨˈɱɑ/ |
Suffix -ɔʤ
chütawj /ʧʌˈtɔʤ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɱə
Else: Suffix -ɛɱə chütëmò /ʧʌtɛˈɱə/ |
Numbers
Kngěmút has a base-20 number system:
1 - zèth
2 - vot
3 - zúz
4 - töpú
5 - ngamökh
6 - qøtǔ
7 - túk
8 - pú
9 - ngút
10 - kú
11 - chakòng
12 - búthàkè
13 - weg̀
14 - bøkhom
15 - ùkǒg̀o
16 - thig̀
17 - g̀æṭu
18 - kngochě
19 - kngěkü
20 - múz
21 - múz jú zèth “twenty and one”
400 - zèth ngùkhachø “one fourhundred”
401 - zèth ngùkhachø jú zèth “one fourhundred and one”
800 - vot ngùkhachø “two fourhundred”
8000 - zèth búm “one eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤ
Else: Suffix -ɤʤ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
Else: Suffix -ɔb
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -ʌχ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -i
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ʏt
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -ɤt
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -θ
Else: Suffix -ɤθ
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -ʌ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -oθ
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -βy
Else: Suffix -ʊβy
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɵŋ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɤ
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -ʌχ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʒɜ
Else: Suffix -ʌʒɜ
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