Orcish

Natively known as: Ntershölge /ntʰerʃɵɮˈɡe/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... tögsh don xag als don chöbsin tögsh non don ntem büb chuch xas Pronunciation: /tʰɵɡʃ tɔn xaɡ aɮs tɔn ˈʧɵwsin tʰɵɡʃ nʲɔn tɔn ntʰem bub ʧʰʊʧ xas/ Ntershölgen word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b f j kʰ m n nʲ r s t tʰ w wʲ x xʲ ɡ ɮ ɮʲ ʃ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n nʲ
Stop	b		tʰ t			kʰ ɡ
Affricate			ʦ ʦʰ	ʧʰ ʧ
Fricative		f	s	ʃ		x xʲ
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral fricative			ɮ ɮʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w wʲ

Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɔ ɵ ʊ/

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Near-high			ʊ
High-mid	e	ɵ
Low-mid			ɔ
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, j, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ɡ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ Mid-word consonants: ff, j, m, mn, ms, mt, mɡ, mʧ, mʧɮ, n, ns, nt, nts, nx, nɡ, nʦʰ, r, rs, rsɡ, rt, rtɮ, rtʰ, rw, rx, rɡ, rɮ, rʃ, rʦʰ, rʧʰ, s, sn, sr, ss, stʰ, sɡ, sɮ, t, tn, tr, tw, tɡ, tɮ, tʰ, tʰɡ, tʰɮ, w, ws, wtʰ, wx, wɮ, wʃ, wʦʰ, wʧʰɮ, x, xn, xt, xɡ, xɮ, ɡ, ɡs, ɡt, ɡts, ɡtʰ, ɡɮ, ɡʃ, ɡʧ, ɮ, ɮb, ɮs, ɮt, ɮtw, ɮtʰ, ɮtʰtʰ, ɮtʰɡ, ɮx, ɮɡ, ɮɮ, ɮʦʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʧʰɮ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦr, ʦʰ, ʦʰs, ʧ, ʧʰ, ʧʰs Word final consonants: b, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, mʧ, n, nt, nx, r, rt, rtʰ, rʧʰ, s, stʰ, t, tʰ, w, ws, wʧʰ, wʲ, x, xʲ, ɡ, ɡtʰ, ɡʃ, ɡʦʰ, ɡʧ, ɡʧʰ, ɮ, ɮs, ɮtʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• i → Ø / ʦ_#
• t → ʦ / _i
• t → s / _{n,m}

How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɡ	g
w	b
t	d / !_ʰ
tʰ	t
ʧʰ	ch
ʧ	ch
ʦʰ	c
ʦ	c
kʰ	k
ɮ	l
ʃ	sh
ɔ	o
ɵ	ö
pʰ	p
u	ü
ʊ	u
j	y
ʲ

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ɔr amar /aˈmar/ man	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦʰ- Else: Prefix ʦʰɔ- cama /ˈʦʰama/ men
Feminine	If starts with vowel: Prefix kʰtʰ- Else: Prefix kʰtʰu- ktatgirch /ˈkʰtʰatʰɡirʧʰ/ woman	Prefix a- aatgirch /aˈatʰɡirʧʰ/ women
Neuter	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɮʧ Else: Suffix -uɮʧ chüyilch /ˈʧʰujiɮʧ/ doɡ	If ends with vowel: Suffix -stʰ Else: Suffix -estʰ chüyist /ʧʰuˈjistʰ/ doɡs

Articles

Definite	yim /jim/ the
Indefinite	büch /buʧʰ/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	chöd /ʧɵt/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	nard /nart/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	don /tɔn/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	de /te/ she, her, hers
3rd singular neut	nu /nʲʊ/ it, its
1st plural	i /i/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	sö /sɵ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	tad /tʰat/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	yi /ji/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neut	shi /ʃi/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	chöd /ʧɵt/ my
2nd singular	nard /nart/ your
3rd singular masc	don /tɔn/ his
3rd singular fem	de /te/ her
3rd singular neut	nu /nʲʊ/ its
1st plural	i /i/ our
2nd plural	sö /sɵ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	tad /tʰat/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	yi /ji/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	shi /ʃi/ their (neut)

Verbs

	Future
Masculine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -ɔʧ nallich /naɮˈɮiʧ/
Feminine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -in nallin /naɮˈɮin/
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix bɮ- Else: Prefix bɮɔ- blonalli /bɮɔˈnaɮɮi/

Ntershölgen uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: tʰa - ta nalli /tʰa naɮˈɮi/ learned

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Ntershölgen uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -ɵʃ nalliösh /naɮˈɮiɵʃ/ have learned

Numbers

Ntershölgen has a base-10 number system:
1 - me 2 - ti 3 - nte 4 - ful 5 - at 6 - mo 7 - süch 8 - cab 9 - yi 10 - boc 11 - me tögsh boc “one and ten” 100 - me sört “one hundred” 101 - me sört me “one hundred one” 200 - ti sört 1000 - me rab “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʦɵ- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix bɔ- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti- Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix te- Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ- Else: Prefix ʦɵ- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ɡʊ- Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix i- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ntʰ- Else: Prefix ntʰe- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix kʰtʰɵ- Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɵ- Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧu-

Dictionary

4442 Words.

Root Languages

• Abyssal

Spoken by

• Greenmark