Yinyospák

Natively known as: yinyospák /jiɲjosˈpək/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... kuk sí yep pawý yawk mup kuk yep kiwiý ye yésiý é anyáts[alt] Pronunciation: /kuk sɨ jep pɔʎ jɔk mup kuk jep kiˈwiʎ je jɛˈsiʎ ɛ aˈɲjəʦ/ Yinyospákian word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned[/alt]

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: c j k m p r s w ɲ ʎ ʦ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		ɲ
Stop	p		c	k
Affricate		ʦ
Fricative		s
Approximant			j
Trill		r
Lateral approximant			ʎ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u ɔ ə ɛ ɨ

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a

Syllable structure: (C)V(C) Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable Word initial consonants: j k m p s w ɲ ʎ Mid-word consonants: c j jm jr js k km kr ks kɲ m mj mk mm mr mw mɲ p pj pk pr ps r rj rk rr rw rʦ s sp ss w ws ww ɲ ɲc ɲj ʎ ʎʎ ʦ ʦk ʦs ʦw Word final consonants: c k p r s w ʎ ʦ
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɔ	aw
ɛ	é
ə	á
ɨ	í
c	chy
j	y
ɲ	n
ʦ	ts
ʎ	ý

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nominative	No affix ýukispu /ʎukisˈpu/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -up ýukispup /ʎukisˈpup/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -ɔ ýukispuaw /ʎuˌkispuˈɔ/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -ək ýukispuák /ʎuˌkispuˈək/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	Suffix -əp ýukispuáp /ʎuˌkispuˈəp/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʎ Else: Suffix -ɔʎ ýukispuý /ʎukisˈpuʎ/ from (the/a) dog
Instrumental	Suffix -ir ýukispuir /ʎuˌkispuˈir/ with/using (the/a) dog

Singular	No affix ýukispu /ʎukisˈpu/ dog
Plural	Suffix -ɔ ýukispuaw /ʎuˌkispuˈɔ/ dogs

Articles

Yinyospákian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Nominative	nawý /ɲɔʎ/ I	mup /mup/ you	sí /sɨ/ he, she, it	mé /mɛ/ we	yu /ju/ you all	mi /mi/ they
Accusative	wak /wak/ me	saý /saʎ/ you	miý /miʎ/ him, her, it	ýaw /ʎɔ/ us	nép /ɲɛp/ you all	ýir /ʎir/ them
Genitive	ýawchy /ʎɔc/ mine	pá /pə/ yours	yep /jep/ his, hers, its	sa /sa/ ours	wi /wi/ yours (pl)	a /a/ theirs
Dative	mo /mo/ to me	ek /ek/ to you	ye /je/ to him, her, it	yí /jɨ/ to us	pa /pa/ to you all	paw /pɔ/ to them
Locative	waww /wɔw/ at me	nap /ɲap/ at you	po /po/ at him, her, it	ká /kə/ at us	aww /ɔw/ at you all	mos /mos/ at them
Ablative	ku /ku/ from me	ýi /ʎi/ from you	pí /pɨ/ from him, her, it	wuts /wuʦ/ from us	kaw /kɔ/ from you all	kár /kər/ from them
Instrumental	nok /ɲok/ with/using me	wéw /wɛw/ with/using you	ka /ka/ with/using him, her, it	u /u/ with/using us	saw /sɔ/ with/using you all	nuk /ɲuk/ with/using them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ýawchy /ʎɔc/ my
2nd singular	pá /pə/ your
3rd singular	yep /jep/ his, her, its
1st plural	sa /sa/ our
2nd plural	wi /wi/ your (pl)
3rd plural	a /a/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix wachyip /waˈcip/ learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -ɔw wachyipaww /waciˈpɔw/ learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ɔr wachyipawr /waciˈpɔr/ learned (long ago)

Yinyospákian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: sɛ - sé wachyip /sɛ waˈcip/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Yinyospákian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: jɨs - yís wachyip /jɨs waˈcip/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Yinyospákian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ɨs wachyipís /waciˈpɨs/ have learned

Numbers

Yinyospákian has a base-10 number system:
1 - yík 2 - wawk 3 - wu 4 - naw 5 - máp 6 - sí 7 - wuk 8 - ýáp 9 - wérré 10 - kaw 11 - kawyík “ten-one” 100 - yík kawmáchy “one hundred” 101 - yík kawmáchy yík “one hundred one” 200 - wawk kawmáchy 1000 - yík puw “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -i Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʎ Else: Suffix -uʎ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɔ Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -op Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ə Noun to verb = Suffix -ɔ Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ Else: Suffix -aʦ Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ə Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ek One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɔ Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ip Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -əc Augmentative = Suffix -o

Dictionary

318 Words.