Kerde (kɜdə)
Natively known as: kerde /kɜdə/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...ayn mor tarnauch ruicanauth uhparnrö yr mur ayn aseornaush iarorn rasuhen yr mur kardin
Pronunciation: /eɪ̯n mɔː taɑːnaʊ̯χ rʊɪcanaʊ̯θ ʌpɑːnrɤ yr mɜː eɪ̯n asɛɔːnaʊ̯ʃ ɪɑːɔːn rasʌen yr mɜː kɑːdɪn /
Narrow pronunciation: [eɪ̯n mɔː taɑːnaʊ̯χ rʊɪkanaʊ̯θ ʌpɑːnrɤ ɪː mɜː eɪ̯n asɛɔːnaʊ̯ʃ ɪɑːɔːn rasʌen ɪː mɜː kɑːdɪn ]
Kerde word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w x z ʃ ʤ ʧ θ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||||||
Stop | p b | t d | c | k g | ||||
Affricate | ʧ ʤ | |||||||
Fricative | f v | θ | s z | ʃ | x | h | ||
Approximant | j | |||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iː | uː | |
Near-high | ɪ ɪː | ʊ | |
High-mid | e | ɤ | |
Mid | ə | ||
Low-mid | ɛ | ɜ ɜː | ʌ ɔː |
Low | a | ɑː ɒ |
Stress pattern: No stress ? Sound changes (in order of application):
- ʧ → χ / _#
- ch → ʧ
- ʌ → ɜː / _#
- ʊ → ɒ / _#
- uː → ɔː / _#
- c → s / _{e,i,y,ɪː,ɛ}
- c → k
- x → z / #_
- x → ks
- yr → ɪː
- yel → iːel
- {aɪ̯a, aɪ̯iːa} → aɪ̯eɪ̯
- ieri → iːɜːiː / _#
- eri → ɜːiː / _#
- i → iː / _#
- aɒ → aʊ̯
- ar → ɑː
- aaʊ̯ → aʊ̯
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ʧ | ch |
əɛ | ae |
j | y |
ʤ | j |
ŋ | n |
ʃ | sh |
θ | th |
iː | i |
ɑː | ar |
aʊ̯ | au |
ɹ | r |
ɪː | yr |
ɜː | ur |
ɛ | e |
ə | e |
ɜ | er |
aɪ̯ | ai |
eɪ̯ | e / _ɔː |
aye | ay'e |
eɪ̯ | ay |
ɪ | i |
ʊ | u |
ɔː | or |
ʌ | uh |
χ | ch |
eai | e'ai |
oar | or |
oi | o'i |
aa | a |
ee | e |
uu | u |
ɒuː | ɒ|uː |
uː | ou |
ɒ | o |
ii | i |
hh | h |
oo | u |
yy | yi |
yer | ier |
y'er | ier |
ɤ | ö |
ie̯ | ir |
eur | ur |
aue | au'e |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
Fire | Earth | Water | Air | Vita | Numbers | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Fire words end in -ɑːn, -ɑː, -ɜ, or -ɜn
kaeluhn /kaɛlʌn/ dragon |
Earth words end in -ɔː, -ʌn, -ɔːn, or -ʌ
chison /ʧiːsɒn/ dog |
Water words end in -iːja, -ɔːə, -ie̯, or -aɪ̯
kaytir /keɪ̯tie̯/ fish |
Air words end in -ɒn, -ɪn, -an, or -en
kouden /kuːden/ cat |
Vita words end in -rɤ and are much rarer
vayodrö /veɪ̯ɒdrɤ/ human |
-Certain nouns like numbers do not have genders
eth /eθ/ eight |
Plural | If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -niːa
Else: Suffix -iːa kaeluhnia /kaɛlʌniːa/ dragons |
If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -niːa
Else: Suffix -iːa chisonia /ʧiːsɒniːa/ dogs |
If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -niːa
Else: Suffix -iːa kaytiria /keɪ̯tie̯iːa/ fishes |
If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -niːa
Else: Suffix -iːa koudenia /kuːdeniːa/ cats |
If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -niːa
Else: Suffix -iːa vayodrönia /veɪ̯ɒdrɤniːa/ humans |
If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -niːa
Else: Suffix -iːa ethia /eθiːa/ eights |
Verbs
Far remote past | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ɪːχ
If contains aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ɪːʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ɪːθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ learned (In the Time of Gods) |
Remote past | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ iχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ iʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ iθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ learned (In the Time of Heroes) |
Past | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ɛχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ɛʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ɛθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ learned (In the Time of Demons or unknown) |
Past perfect | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ɜːχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ɜːʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ɜːθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ had learned/was learning |
Past perfect continuous | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ie̯χ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ie̯ʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ie̯θ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ had been learning |
Present | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ aχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ aʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ aθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ learn |
Present perfect | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ eɪ̯χ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ eɪ̯ʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ eɪ̯θ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ have learned/have been learning |
Present continuous | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ɑːχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ɑːʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ɑːθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ am learning |
Infinitive | No affix
araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ to learn/learning |
Future | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ɒχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ɒʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ɒθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ will learn |
Future perfect | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ɔːχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ɔːʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ɔːθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ will have been learning/will have learned |
Future continuous | If ends with aʊ̯χ: Change all aʊ̯χ to ∅ ʌχ
If ends with aʊ̯ʃ: Change all aʊ̯ʃ to ∅ ʌʃ If ends with aʊ̯θ: Change all aʊ̯θ to ∅ ʌθ araun /aɑːaʊ̯n/ will be learning |
Articles
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Definite | ik /ik/ the | ich /iχ/ the |
Indefinite | ja /ʤa/ a | jach /ʤaʧ/ [ʤaχ] some |
Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to market’
Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
Pronouns
1st singular | 2nd singular | 3rd singular | 1st plural | 2nd plural | 3rd plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | or /ɔː/ I | es /ɛs/ you | mor /mɔː/ he, she, it | oria /ɔːia/ we | esia /ɛsia/ you | moria /mɔːia/ they |
Accusative | ur /ɜː/ me | ies /iɛs/ you | mur /mɜː/ him, her, it | uria /ɜːia/ us | iesia /iɛsia/ you | muria /mɜːia/ them |
Possessive Nouns
Noun | No affix
chison /ʧiːsɒn/ dog |
Possessive noun | If ends with aɪ̯: Change all ai# to ∅ ieri
If ends with {a,e,i,o,ɤ,u}: Suffix -eri Else: Suffix -i chisoni /ʧiːsɒni/ [ʧiːsɒniː] dog's |
Example | |
Friend's | dog |
“chison themernari” |
Possessive | Pronouns | ||||
Pronouns | are | added | after | the | subject |
Example | |||||
My | dog | ||||
“chisonori” |
Noun | No affix |
Verb | If ends with {-ɑːn,-ɑː,-ɜ,-ɜn}: Change all V# to ∅ /-aʊ̯χ
If ends with {-ɔː,-ʌn,-ɔːn,-ʌ}: Change all V# to ∅ /-aʊ̯k If contains {-iːja,-ɔːə,-ie̯,or -aɪ̯}: Change all V# to ∅ /-aʊ̯ʃ If contains {-ɒn,-ɪn,-an,or -en}: Change all V# to ∅ /-aʊ̯θ Else: Change all V# to ∅ /-aʊ̯n |
Person | If ends with {χ,k,n}: Suffix -t
If ends with ʃ: Change all ʃ# to ∅ /-st Else: Change all θ# to ∅ /-t |
Place | Suffix -ə |
Numbers
Kerde has a base-8 number system:1 - arn
2 - dro
3 - ktha
4 - resh
5 - thek
6 - ame
7 - kide
8 - eth
9 - arn-eth ayn arn “one eight and one”
16 - dro-ethia "two eights"
17 - dro-ethia ayn arn “two eights and one”
64 - ackiyan-ethia “as many eights”
65 - ackiyan-ethia ayn arn “as many eights and one”
128 - dro-ackiyan-ethia "twice as many eights"
512 - eth-yr-ethia “an eight of eights”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jɜsElse: Suffix -iːɜs
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -el
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -al
Noun to verb = If ends with {ɑːn,ɑː,ɜ,ɜn}: Suffix -aʊ̯χ
If ends with {ɔː,ʌn,ɔːn,ʌ}: Suffix -aʊ̯ʃ
If ends with {iːja,ɔːə,ie̯,aɪ̯}: Suffix -aʊ̯n
If ends with {ɒn,ɪn,an,en}: Suffix -aʊ̯θ
Else: Suffix -aʊ̯k
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with {,n,k,χ}: Suffix -t
If ends with ʃ: Change all ʃ# to st
Else: Change all θ# to t
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ə
Diminutive = Prefix ɑː-
Augmentative = Prefix ɛ-
Opposite = Suffix -ca
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