Renani

The language brought with the Renanim when they arrived into the Imperia, Renani has evolved to incorporate loan words from other languages, especially that of Judaea. During the early Ages of the Imperia, Renani was widespread and common enough to have several offical dialects, including Renyilzh (a combination of Renani and Shutyilzh) and Renasyian (a combination of Renani and Ajanasyian). Since the Seventeen-Hour War and the Renani Insurgency Control Order, the language has been banned in all but academic circles, and is now officially preserved as a dead language.
However, the Renanim scattered across the Imperia still speak Renani to varying degrees. At the very minimum, every Renan understands enough Renani to sing prayers.

---

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...

ed bitz gekh mot ishom suhel ed gekh 'amni sev zef po giral

Pronunciation: /ed biʦ geχ mot iˈʃom suˈhel ed geχ ʔamˈni sev zef po giˈʁal/

Renani word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned

---

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʦ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g			ʔ
Affricate			ʦ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ		x	χ ʁ	ʕ	h
Approximant					j
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

---

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)

Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable

---

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
χ	kh
ʦ	tz
ʁ	r
ʃ	sh
ʔ	'

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened.

Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.

Adposition: postpositions

---

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: o - o zmod /o zmod/ dogs

Nominative	No affix zmod /zmod/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Prefix bo- bozmod /bozˈmod/ (verb done to) dog

---

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ek /ek/ the	du' /duʔ/ a
Plural	ra /ʁa/ the	klu /klu/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

---

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	po /po/ I	lan /lan/ me
2nd singular	hiv /hiv/ you	div /div/ you
3rd singular	bitz /biʦ/ he, she, it	gim /gim/ his, her, it
1st plural	sa /sa/ we	suf /suf/ us
2nd plural	dov /dov/ you all	ha /ha/ you all
3rd plural	ke /ke/ they	su /su/ them

---

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	kin /kin/ my
2nd singular	no /no/ your
3rd singular	gekh /geχ/ his, her, its
1st plural	ho /ho/ our
2nd plural	stu /stu/ your (pl)
3rd plural	zmut /zmut/ their

---

Verbs

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	Prefix zmi- zmikhir /zmiˈχiʁ/ (I) learn	Prefix u- ukhir /uˈχiʁ/ (I) learned	Prefix a- akhir /aˈχiʁ/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	Prefix me- mekhir /meˈχiʁ/ (you) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁ- Else: Prefix ʁo- rokhir /ʁoˈχiʁ/ (you) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix us- Else: Prefix use- usekhir /uˈseχiʁ/ (you) will learn
3rd singular	Prefix o- okhir /oˈχiʁ/ (he/she/it) learns	Prefix dvi- dvikhir /dviˈχiʁ/ (he/she/it) learned	Prefix i- ikhir /iˈχiʁ/ (he/she/it) will learn
1st plural	Prefix ga- gakhir /gaˈχiʁ/ (we) learn	Prefix ʃi- shikhir /ʃiˈχiʁ/ (we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix kv- Else: Prefix kve- kvekhir /kveˈχiʁ/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	Prefix ba- bakhir /baˈχiʁ/ (you all) learn	Prefix ʁo- rokhir /ʁoˈχiʁ/ (you all) learned	Prefix ma- makhir /maˈχiʁ/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural	Prefix po- pokhir /poˈχiʁ/ (they) learn	Prefix li- likhir /liˈχiʁ/ (they) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix po- pokhir /poˈχiʁ/ (they) will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Renani uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix da- dakhir /daˈχiʁ/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Renani uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁ- Else: Prefix ʁu- rukhir /ʁuˈχiʁ/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Renani uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix i- ikhir /iˈχiʁ/ have learned

---

Numbers

Renani has a base-20 number system:

1 - sa
2 - ke
3 - dve
4 - ni
5 - ka
6 - a'ifi
7 - git
8 - lav
9 - kla
10 - tmi
11 - tmalu
12 - pa
13 - mush
14 - hirey
15 - kmam
16 - za
17 - yu
18 - do
19 - kad
20 - e
400 - kve
8000 - shifshu

---

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -i
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ik
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix a-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix ha-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -u
Noun to verb = Prefix ʁe-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -e
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ-
Else: Prefix ʔa-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ
Else: Suffix -eʦ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix uχn-
Else: Prefix uχne-
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
Else: Suffix -of
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁ
Else: Suffix -iʁ

---

Dictionary

3056 Words.

Common Vocabulary
Hello: kibuh
Goodbye: kibuh
Thank you: 'astifkin
You're welcome: 'abiskin

Idioms
No direct translation, but generally used as a statement of deep agreement: Po 'asofno zmiba (I hear your song)

Prayers
Oh Lord, hear my song: Ha'zo, 'asofkin baba

Relevant Articles